法律援助对象范围的生成机制与优化进路  

The Generation Mechanism and Optimization Approach of the Scope of Legal Aid Recipients

作　　者：罗恒 Luo Heng

机构地区：[1]中山大学粤港澳发展研究院

出　　处：《厦门大学法律评论》2024年第2期78-93,共16页Xiamen University Law Review

摘　　要：《法律援助法》第2条将法律援助对象规定为“经济困难公民和符合法定条件的其他当事人”。何谓“符合法定条件的其他当事人”,《法律援助法》本身未能明确,相关立法说明亦语焉不详。考察我国法律援助对象范围的流变过程,可发现农民工、军人军属、退役军人、警察等特殊群体被地方性法规、规范性文件等明确为法律援助对象,乃至重点法律援助对象。整个流变过程,在整体呈扩展趋势的同时,又展现出鲜明的发展特征及潜在问题。这些特征与问题背后,是我国法律援助制度在扶危济困和社会治理两个方面上的多重价值目标,以及作为扶助贫弱的法律制度与维护社会稳定、促进社会发展的治理工具之双重属性。在既有法律援助对象范围生成机制中,社会治理需求的影响较大,虽有助于提高治理效能、维护社会稳定、促进社会发展,但亦存在公平性欠缺、稳定性不足、忽视少数群体等有待完善之处。故应均衡考虑法律援助制度扶危济困的制度底色与现实的社会治理需求,对既有法律援助对象范围生成机制予以优化。Article 2 of the Legal Aid Law stipulates that the recipients of legal aid are“economically disadvantaged citizens and other parties who meet the statutory conditions”.The meaning of“other parties who meet the statutory conditions”is not clearly defined in the Legal Aid Law itself,and the relevant legislative explanations are also vague,Examining the changes in the scope of legal aid recipients in China,it can be observed that special groups such as migrant workers,military personnel and their dependents,retired military personnel,and police officers have been explicitly designated as recipients of legal aid by local regulations and normative documents,and even as key recipients of legal aid.Throughout this process of change,while there is an overall expansion trend,there are also distinct development characteristics and potential issues.Behind these characteristics and issues lies the dual nature of China's legal aid system,which serves as both a legal system to assist the poor and vulnerable and a governance tool to maintain social stability and promote social development,reflecting multiple value goals.In the mechanism for determining the scope of legal aid recipients,the influence of social governance needs is significant.While this may help improve governance efficiency,maintain social stability,and promote social development,there are also shortcomings in terms of fairness,stability,and the neglect of minority groups that need to be addressed.It is necessary to balance the institutional foundation of the legal aid system to assist the poor and vulnerable with the practical needs of social governance,and optimize the mechanism for determining the scope of legal aid recipients.

关 键 词：法律援助法 法律援助对象 社会治理需求 个人利益 

分 类 号：D926.5[政治法律—法学]