石窟寺中的孔雀明王形象组合  

The Iconological Scheme of Mahāmayūrī Monuments in the Cave Temples

作　　者：赵宁 Zhao Ning

机构地区：[1]北京大学考古文博学院,北京100871

出　　处：《石窟寺研究》2024年第1期164-180,共17页Studies of the Cave Temples

摘　　要：汉地佛教石窟寺中,有一些孔雀明王壁画、雕刻。其构图均以孔雀明王像为主尊,附属形象或全为佛、菩萨等典型佛教形象,或另含世俗装扮如文官、武将者。厘清唐不空译《佛母大孔雀明王经》的逻辑,可理解汉地佛教石窟寺中孔雀明王形象组合的涵义。大足宝顶山大佛湾第13号龛堪称“佛母大孔雀明王经变龛”,龛像伴有概括咒经核心思想的文字标识,明确表现孔雀咒力、护咒圣众与神众的集聚,供信众通过拜像来体悟经文内容、展开修行实践。印度佛教石窟寺中,有一些旁刻孔雀的女性形象,或为已知最早的孔雀明王像。其与同龛其他形象的组合或为汉地孔雀明王形象组合的源头,其与同空间其他尊像题材的组合布局或可阐释汉地多座石窟为何兼营孔雀明王与其他密教题材。Buddhist cave temples of China boast some paintings and sculptures of Mahāmayūrī,who,as the center of the painting's or sculpture's composition,is surrounded either solely by such typical Buddhist figures as Buddha and Bodhisattva or by figures dressed as secular officials or warriors in addition.The intention of such an iconological scheme is deciphered,once the logic behind the exuberance of Amoghavajra's version of Mahāmayūrīvidyārājñī is seized.Cave 13,the Great Buddha Bend,Mt.Baoding of Dazu rather literally represents the content of the very version,being a standardized mandala for believers to perform Mahāmayūrī rituals.Some female figures sculpted beside peacocks in the Buddhist caves at Ellora,India,are possibly the oldest Mahāmayūrī images.Their iconological scheme may be the source of that of China.

关 键 词：孔雀明王 石窟寺 形象组合 孔雀咒经 大足 

分 类 号：K879.2[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]