东亚旧石器时代中晚期人群的迁徙与演化图谱  

The migration and evolutionary history of the middle and late Paleolithic populations in East Asia

作　　者：付巧妹 Qiaomei Fu(CAS Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins,Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100044,China;College of Earth and Planetary Sciences,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室,北京100044 [2]中国科学院大学地球与行星科学学院,北京100049

出　　处：《科学通报》2025年第7期860-871,共12页Chinese Science Bulletin

基　　金：国家杰出青年科学基金(41925009);中国科学院稳定支持基础研究领域青年团队计划(YSBR-019)资助。

摘　　要：自2013年东亚第一例早期现代人核DNA发布以来,东亚不同时间和地点人群的古基因组数据逐步涌现,建立起东亚10万年以来人群迁徙演化和互动交流的复杂图景.其中,10余例距今1万年以上的东亚人类古基因组数据及一系列系统性研究,为解锁东亚旧石器时代中晚期(距今10~1万年)人群丰富的遗传多样性以及不同区域人群复杂的迁徙、演化和适应的历史提供了全新而细致的观察视角.在这一研究背景下,本文综合梳理了东亚自旧石器时代中晚期以来人群的重要古基因组研究,讨论了东亚旧石器时代中晚期古老型人类和不同早期现代人支系的分布特点、遗传结构及随时间的动态变化.同时,为更全面理解东亚古人群的演化历史,文章结合了古人类学、古蛋白组学、动植物考古学和古环境学等部分跨学科的证据,在欧亚大时空框架下审视东亚古人群与其他地区古人群的遗传联系和交流网络,探讨其特定时间段或地理区域人群在应对环境气候变化和生存挑战的适应性策略和复杂演化机制.此外,针对人类演化领域所关注和长期争议的一些重要科学问题,结合古基因学证据和其他学科的观点假说,进行了综合讨论,以期推动对不同学科观点的整合及对人类演化过程更深入的理解和认识.Ancient genomics has evolved into a powerful tool for investigating human origins and evolution,bringing many new insights and evidence into the migrations,interactions,and adaptive processes in response to environmental and cultural changes of past human populations worldwide.The first nuclear DNA of early modern humans from East Asia was released in 2013.Through an ancient nuclear DNA capture technique developed by Fu et al.,the minuscule quantity of endogenous DNA present in the 40000-year-old Tianyuan specimen was successfully captured and enriched.This capture technique has made it possible to conduct genome-wide research on ancient humans across large time scales and geographical areas,including the past populations of East Asia.Ancient genomic data from populations across different key periods and locations in East Asia have gradually emerged,charting a complex picture of population migration,evolution,and interactions over the past hundred thousand years.As of August 2024,data from more than 1100 nuclear genomes and thousands of mitochondrial genomes of archaic hominins and modern humans have been generated.Since the release of the first nuclear DNA of early East Asians in 2013,ancient genomic data from populations across different periods and locations in East Asia have gradually emerged,charting a complex picture of population migration,evolution,and interactions over the past hundred thousand years.However,Paleolithic human genomes representing this region are minimal,as there are only two nuclear genomes older than 30000 years before present(BP),11 nuclear genomes dated between 30000 to 10000 years BP,and three mitochondrial genomes dated between 100000 to 45000 years BP extracted from sediments.Among these,more than a dozen ancient human genomes dating back over 10000 years,along with a series of systematic genomic studies,have brought new insights into the rich genetic diversity of East Asian populations during the middle and late Paleolithic period(100 ka to 10 ka)and their intricate evolutionary h

关 键 词：古基因组 古老型人类 早期现代人 适应性基因 二层假说 

分 类 号：K31[历史地理—历史学] Q981[历史地理—世界史]