青藏高原单体雷暴的电荷结构及“晴天霹雳”闪电成因  

Charge structure of an isolated thunderstorm on the Tibetan Plateau and the formation of bolt-from-the-blue lightning

作　　者：郄秀书[1,2] 刘冬霞 李丰全[3] 孙竹玲 韦蕾 孙春发 朱可欣 吕慧敏 唐国瑛 袁善锋 蒋如斌 王宇[3] Xiushu Qie;Dongxia Liu;Fengquan Li;Zhuling Sun;Lei Wei;Chunfa Sun;Kexin Zhu;Huimin Lü;Guoying Tang;Shanfeng Yuan;Rubin Jiang;Yu Wang(State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Extreme Meteorology/Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation(LAGEO),Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100029,China;College of Earth and Planetary Science,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China;Wuhan NARI Limited Liability Company,State Grid Electric Power Research Institute,Wuhan 430206,China;Institute of Heavy Rain,China Meteorological Administration,Wuhan 430205,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院大气物理研究所,大气环境与极端气象全国重点实验室/中层大气与全球环境探测重点实验室,北京100029 [2]中国科学院大学地球与行星科学学院,北京100049 [3]国网电力科学研究院武汉南瑞电力集团,武汉430206 [4]中国气象局武汉暴雨研究所,武汉430205

出　　处：《科学通报》2025年第7期944-954,共11页Chinese Science Bulletin

基　　金：国家自然科学基金重点项目(42230609);第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究项目(2019QZKK0104)资助。

摘　　要：由于青藏高原独特的热力和动力作用及复杂的地形特征,夏季经常发生雷暴对流活动.但由于时空尺度小且高海拔地区观测困难,高原雷暴和闪电一直是很具挑战性的研究问题.本文利用自主研制的闪电甚高频宽带成像干涉仪等技术,在拉萨观测到了一次产生2次罕见晴天霹雳闪电的单体雷暴过程,通过详细研究晴天霹雳放电过程和对应的雷暴电荷结构,揭示了晴天霹雳的产生机制.与平原地区雷暴先发展云上部偶极电荷结构不同,高原雷暴单体初始阶段呈现上负下正的负偶极电荷结构.雷暴成熟阶段自上而下呈现正-负-正的三极电荷结构,分别位于低于-30℃,-30~-15℃,以及高于-10℃的环境温度区域.晴天霹雳产生于上部偶极子,始发于中部负电荷区和上部正电荷区之间,正先导向下部负电荷区发展,负先导向上发展.当向上的负先导到达上部正电荷区后,水平传播并穿出云体,最终发展成为从雷暴云区传播到晴空区域并闪击地面的晴天霹雳,两次晴天霹雳距降水区边缘的距离分别为3.6和3.8 km.雷暴单体尺度小以及上部正电荷区比下部负电荷区弱的不平衡偶极子是引发晴天霹雳的主要原因.本研究不仅揭示了罕见晴天霹雳的放电过程和机理,也提供了高原雷暴电荷结构和闪电活动特征多样性的直接观测证据.The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is the highest in the world,and it is located in an area jointly influenced by the Indian monsoon and westerly winds.With its unique thermal and dynamic effects and complex topographical features,thunderstorms and convective activities occur frequently in the summer over most of the Plateau.The thunderstorm days in the central and eastern Plateau are similar to that of the southeastern coastal region with the most thunderstorm processes and lightning activities in China.However,the life cycle of thunderstorms over the Plateau is usually shorter,and their convective intensity is weaker,compared with those over prominently lower altitude regions.Thunderstorms over the Plateau not only show unique convective structures,but their electrical characteristics also differ significantly from those of thunderstorms over plain areas.Due to the difficulty of observation in the Plateau regions and the limitations in lightning detection technologies,it remains a challenge to understand the intercloud charge structure and lightning initiation of the thunderstorms over the main body of the Plateau region.By utilizing very high frequency(VHF)broadband interferometer lightning mapping technique,weather radar,and radio sounding,a thunderstorm process that produced two rare“boldfrom-the-blue”flashes was observed in the Lhasa area located in the central Plateau.The mechanism of the“bold-from-theblue”flashes was revealed through accurate mapping of the discharge processes in high spatial and temporal resolution,and the corresponding charge structure characteristics inside the thunderstorm were also retrieved.At the initial stage of the thunderstorm,it exhibited a negative dipole charge structure with an upper negative and bottom positive pattern,which is completely different from the evolution of charge structure in the thunderstorms over prominently lower altitude regions.When the thunderstorm developed into its mature stage,it exhibited a tripolar charge structure stacked with positive,negative,an

关 键 词：青藏高原 雷暴电荷结构 闪电活动 晴天霹雳 闪电甚高频干涉仪 

分 类 号：P427.3[天文地球—大气科学及气象学] P446