日本保险法“打破刚兑”的模式与启示  

Japanese Insurance Law′s Model in"Breaking of the Payment Guarantee"and Its Implications

作　　者：陈昊泽 CHEN Hao-ze

机构地区：[1]福州大学法学院

出　　处：《保险研究》2025年第1期113-126,共14页Insurance Studies

基　　金：2024年度国家社科基金重点项目“商业保险与社会保险衔接的法律机制研究”(24AFX011)。

摘　　要：为分散保险业系统性风险、应对保险公司经营危机、保护投保人利益,本次《保险法》修订拟“合理打破刚性兑付”,设置保险合同变更、转移制度。相关条款设置与适用的完善需要理论研究之助力。日本保险法经历过打破刚兑的转型过程,分析其间原因、法理、制度能够为我国立法论、解释论的建构提供有益参考。战后型保险系统的强行政监管下,日本形成了业界兜底保险公司经营危机的体制。因泡沫经济崩坏导致社会环境大幅改变,自由化转轨中保险业不得不打破刚兑,以维持保险业可持续发展,平衡投保人保护与经营健全性保障。为此,日本以保险合同变更制度应对事前风险,以保险合同转移制度处置经营风险现实化危机,以投保人保护机构制度兜底保护投保人。日本法对我国的启示首先在于,保险合同变更、转移制度的基础是变革保险法的投保人保护理念,这需要在改革必要性认知下,完善法律架构以分散行业转型期可能面临的系统性风险。在此基础上,修订草案需细化启动标准、启动主体、决议方式等,处理好制度必要性与谦抑性的关系。改良保险保障基金制度时,应扩充机构在救助中参与保险合同变更、转移程序的功能。体系上,保险合同变更、转移制度是对《保险法》第92条的延申,解释论应明确“合法权益”保护中变更保险合同的内涵,并以动态系统论将该条文的涵摄范围扩充至寿险合同外。The current revision of China′s Insurance Law aims to address the insurance industry′s systemic risks,manage operational crises of insurance companies,and protect policyholders by proposing"reasonable breaking of payment guarantees"and establishing systems for contract modification and transfer.The legal basis and practical viability of these changes require careful analysis.To study Japan′s experiences with breaking the payment guarantees in its insurance law,including the reason,legal basis and related policy of such a major change,offers valuable insights for the legislation and interpretation in China.Under the strong administrative supervision on the post-war insurance system,the mechanism of insurance companies taking over the distressed ones was created.The shift was necessitated by significant social changes following the bubble economy′s collapse,prompting Japan to balance policyholder protection with the overall sustainability of the insurance system.It deals with prior risks through contract modification,resolve existing crisis through the contract transfer system,and offers last-resort protection to policyholders with the policyholder protection institutions.For China,the key takeaway is that the basis for the adoption of contract modification and contract transfer is to recognize the need to reform the concept of policyholder protection.In recognition of the need for reform,the legal framework is to be improved to diversify the systemic risks that the industry may face during the transition period.This requires refining the criteria for initiating contract modifications and transfers,as well as clarifying the roles of involved entities and decision-making processes.It is also important to balance the necessity and restraining.On improving on the insurance protection fund,the role of insurance institutions participating in the bailout in contract modification and contract transfer should also be expanded.From the systemic perspective,contract modification and contract transfer are an extension

关 键 词：保险业法 破产法 合同转移 合同变更 保险保障基金 

分 类 号：D922.284[政治法律—经济法学]