消费者利益保护型公司法的证成与实现——以新《公司法》第20条为核心  

The Certification and Implementation of Consumer Interest Protection Company Law——Centered around Article 20 of the new Company Law

作　　者：薛前强 XUE Qian-qiang(School of Law,Minzu University of China,Beijing 100081,China)

机构地区：[1]中央民族大学法学院,北京100081

出　　处：《河北法学》2025年第4期124-142,共19页Hebei Law Science

基　　金：中央民族大学2024年度“学术团队引领计划”项目(2024XSYL23);中央民族大学2024年度“青年教师铸牢中华民族共同体意识研究专项项目”(20245ZLQN25);2024年度中国青少年研究会研究课题立项课题(2024A03);2021年司法部法治建设与法学理论研究部级科研项目(21SFB4050)。

摘　　要：2023年新《公司法》第20条中“消费者”一词意味着中国的消费者利益保护与公司法改革来了场“迟到”的相遇。消费者作为公司治理中的重要利益相关者,在历次公司法改革中并未得到应有重视。究其原因,消费者不符合公司法保护对象的主流解释,团队生产理论和进步主义公司法同样忽视消费者在公司法中的独立地位。晚近消费者利益的公司法保护议题更是被公司社会责任、ESG治理所吸收。公司法政治分析在更深层面解释了为何职工、债权人较消费者而言,二者在公司法上有着相当数量的利益保护条款。但理论假设会被实践证伪,而公司法对消费者利益的忽视随着分享经济、投资型消费者、金融消费者立法等社会实践的发展,在理论层面、实践层面、规则层面和逻辑层面逐渐被证实为一个并不妥当的立法选择。为此,需结合新《公司法》第20条打造公司法保护消费者利益的微观方案:在组织进路上创建消费董事或董事会下设消费者利益保护委员会;在行为进路上细化董事多重信义义务的规范构造;在权利进路上赋予消费者公司法上的表决权、提案权、质询权、知情权;在内部治理机制上构建消费者风控管理体系。The term“consumer”in Article 20 of the new Company Law of 2023 implies a“delayed”encounter between China's consumer protection and company law reform.Consumers,as important stakeholders in corporate governance,have not received the attention they deserve in previous company law reforms.The reason for this is that consumers do not conform to the mainstream interpretation of the protected objects of company law,and team production theory and progressive company law also overlook the independent status of consumers in company law.The issue of corporate law protection for consumer interests has been increasingly absorbed by corporate social responsibility and ESG governance.Political analysis of company law explains at a deeper level why employees and creditors have a considerable number of interest protection clauses in company law compared to consumers.However,theoretical assumptions may be falsified by practice,and the neglect of consumer interests by company law has gradually been proven to be an inappropriate legislative choice at the theoretical,practical,regulatory,and logical levels with the development of social practices such as sharing economy,investment oriented consumers,and financial consumer legislation.Therefore,it is necessary to combine Article 20 of the new Company Law to create a micro plan for protecting consumer interests in the Company Law:creating consumer directors or setting up consumer interest protection committees under the board of directors in the organizational approach;Refine the normative construction of multiple fiduciary obligations of directors in the behavioral approach;Granting consumers the right to vote,propose,question,and be informed in the company law on the path of rights;Building a consumer risk management system on internal governance mechanisms.

关 键 词：消费者 公司法 消费董事 多重信义义务 消费者表决权 

分 类 号：DF411.91[政治法律—经济法学]