中国古代诉讼中的印证证明  

The corroboration rule in ancient Chinese litigation

作　　者：龙宗智[1] Long Zongzhi(Sichuan University Law School,Chengdu,610207,China)

机构地区：[1]四川大学法学院,成都610207

出　　处：《证据科学》2025年第1期5-21,共17页Evidence Science

摘　　要：犯罪要件事实不凭单一证据认定,而应有其他证据支持,是古代刑案事实认定,尤其是重案事实认定的基本要求,因此印证证明是古代诉讼证明的基本方法。中国古代诉讼中的印证证明,注重排除证据矛盾,某些时候存在过度追求印证人为消除矛盾的倾向。情理判断对于事实判断包括印证证明的作用突出,也在一定程度上降低了证据印证的要求,减弱了印证的功用。定案尤重口供,但仍需获得验证,尤其是隐蔽性证据印证。就印证方法,较重验证“契合”,而较轻证人“同证”。司法的实践理性在印证证明中发挥多种作用,如通过人证到庭质证并使用对质以检验印证;以隔别询问,维系人证印证效力;利用情态证据进行印证等。从古代诉讼印证证明的经验与教训中我们应当获得深刻启示。The material facts that can be used to prove crime elements should not be proved solely by a single piece of evidence.Such proof requires corroboration from other evidence.This is a fundamental requirement for the fact-finding in ancient criminal cases,particularly in serious cases.Therefore,corroboration rule has been a basic method of proof in ancient litigations.The corroboration rule in ancient Chinese legal practice,emphasized the elimination of contradictions in evidence,though at times there existed a tendency towards eliminating conflicts by manpower because of excessive pursuit of corroboration.Fair and sensible inference played a prominent role in fact finding,as well as in the corroboration rule.To certain extent,it reduced the requirements for corroboration and weakened the function of corroboration.Although confessions were particularly relied upon in case adjudication,verification were still required,especially through corroboration with inconspicuous evidence.As for the methods of corroboration,more emphasis was placed on the verification of"consistency",whereas less on the pursuit of"identical testimonies".Adjudicatory practical reason also played multiple roles in corroborative proof,such as examining corroboration through cross-examination and confrontation of the in-court witnesses;maintaining the validity of corroborative witness through separate interrogations;and realizing corroboration through circumstantial evidence.Profound insights should be drawn from the experiences and lessons of corroborative proof in ancient Chinese litigation.

关 键 词：古代诉讼 印证证明 情理判断 验证 实践理性 

分 类 号：D918.9[政治法律—法学]