中国古代刑事司法中的孤证案件审理  

Adjudication of single-evidence cases in ancient Chinese criminal justice system

作　　者：陈鲜瑜 Chen Xianyu(Law School of Sichuan University,Chengdu,610207,China)

机构地区：[1]四川大学法学院,四川成都610207

出　　处：《证据科学》2025年第1期22-33,共12页Evidence Science

摘　　要：中国古代刑事司法具有一定的“孤证不能定案”思想,但并未形成系统的孤证规则。古代刑事案件中的孤证证据类型以供辞为主,并用于证明案件主要事实。司法官吏在审理孤证案件时既能依据孤证定谳、亦能认定案件存疑再议。在孤证案件中,司法官吏依据孤证定案的根本逻辑在于依据单一证据并结合经验法则、逻辑推理、情理判断等方式推断案件事实并达到“明辨事实”“理无可疑”之标准。而孤证不能定案则是由于通过多种证明方式结合在案证据仍不能对案件排除合理怀疑、依据其他辅助证据证伪案件孤证、特定案件中缺失关键证据,如“盗凭脏坐”“人命以尸伤为据”等。历史研究揭示了我国古代能够依据孤证定案之原因为司法官普遍追求案件确凿无疑的传统思想、以及其擅于使用多种证明方式。借鉴古代有益经验,现代刑事诉讼应在法律容许范围内针对其他单一证据可采取多样化的事实认定方法判断证据证明力,并坚持“以审判为中心”、庭审贯彻直接言词原则。In ancient Chinese criminal justice system,to certain extent,it menifested a notion of"no conviction should be based solely on a single piece of evidence".But a systematic set of rules of single-evidence had not been established.In ancient criminal cases,single evidence primarily consisted of confessions,and was used to prove the main facts of a case.While adjudicating single-evidence cases,magistrates could either render a verdict solely based on that single piece of evidence or deem the case as doubtful case for further reconsideration.In such single-evidence cases,the fundamental logic behind magistrates'adjudications lay in the reliance on the single piece of evidence,principles of rule of thumb,logical reasoning,and fair and sensible inference,and the pursuit of verdict standard of"clear discernment of facts"and"Li Wu Ke Yi”(beyond a reasonable doubt).Whereas,the principle that no conviction should be given solely based on single piece of evidence came into force,when,after combining multiple methods of proof with all evidence,the reasonable doubt still could not be eliminated,the single piece of evidence was disproven by other auxiliary evidence,or the key evidence was missing in specific cases.For example,the rule of"Dao Ping Zang Zuo"(no presence of stolen goods,no conviction of theft)or the rule of"Ren Ming Yi Shi Shang Wei Ju"(no presence of a corpse or injuries,no conviction of homicide."Historical research has revealed that the practice of adjudicating cases solely based on single piece of evidence in ancient China,was rooted in the widespread magistrates'traditional ideology of pursuing absolute certainty in the fact-finding,as well as their proficiency in employing various methods of proof.Drawing on the valuable ancient experiences,modern criminal procedural system should adopt diverse methods of fact-finding in assessing the probative value of the single piece of evidence within the limits of law,as well as adhere to the principle of"trialcenteredness"and the implement the principle of direct te

关 键 词：孤证 孤证规则 证明力 传统司法判例 证明方法 

分 类 号：D918.9[政治法律—法学]