论数字经济时代非个人数据的刑法保护路径选择  

Selecting a Criminal Law Model for Non-Personal Data Protection in the Era of Digital Economy

作　　者：江海洋 JIANG Haiyang(School of Law,Shandong University,Qingdao Shandong 266237,China)

机构地区：[1]山东大学法学院,山东青岛266237

出　　处：《上海大学学报(社会科学版)》2025年第2期15-32,共18页Journal of Shanghai University(Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目(24YJC820018)。

摘　　要：在数字经济时代,就非个人数据的刑法保护模式而言,学界存在不同观点。数据应否确权以及如何确权影响着非个人数据刑法保护模式的选择,确权支持者与反对者思维虽有不同,但亦存在数据产权应仅具有有限排他性的共识,这是由防止过度保护数据持有者、预防数据驱动市场走向垄断以及避免法律的重叠冲突等因素决定的。互联网的开放性决定了公开的非个人数据无须刑法介入保护。鉴于数据产权的有限排他性与生产要素等特征,同时为了避免罪刑失衡,传统的财产犯罪罪名无法适用于保护非公开非个人数据。在前置法还未对数据产权进行明确规定的前提下,选择创设类似知识产权新罪名路径并非最优解,当前较为理性的选择是沿用数据犯罪路径。同时,应及时将对数据产权的例外与限制转换为非个人数据刑法保护的超法规违法阻却事由。鉴于数据的公共产品属性,无论是数据集合或是数据产品,都存在超法规违法阻却事由。In the era of digital economy,there are divergent views regarding the criminal law protection model for non-personal data.The debate over whether and how to establish data rights significantly influences the selection of a criminal law protection model for non-personal data.Despite differing perspectives between proponents and opponents of data rights establishment,there is a consensus that data property rights should possess only limited exclusivity.This consensus is driven by factors such as preventing excessive protection of data holders,averting monopolization in data-driven markets,and avoiding legal overlaps and conflicts.The inherent openness of the Internet dictates that publicly available non-personal data does not require criminal law intervention for protection.Given the limited exclusivity of data property rights and their characteristics as production factors,coupled with the need to avoid disproportionate punishment,traditional property crime provisions are inadequate for protecting non-public non-personal data.In the absence of clear preliminary legislation defining data property rights,creating new intellectual property-like criminal offenses may not be the optimal solution.Currently,maintaining the existing data crime framework appears to be a more rational approach.Meanwhile,exceptions and limitations to data property rights should be promptly transformed into extra-statutory grounds for justification in the criminal law protection of non-personal data.Given the public goods characteristics of data,both data collections and data products are subject to extra-statutory grounds for justification.

关 键 词：非个人数据 数据确权 有限排他性 刑法保护模式 出罪事由 

分 类 号：D924.3[政治法律—刑法学]