数字资产的本质属性及其物权法定位  

The Essential Attributes of Digital Assets and Their Legal Status in the Property Law

作　　者：陈雪萍[1,2] Chen Xueping(Law School,South-Central Minzu University,Hubei Wuhan 430074,China;Business School,Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology,Jiangsu Nanjing 210044,China)

机构地区：[1]中南民族大学法学院,湖北武汉430074 [2]南京信息工程大学商学院,江苏南京210044

出　　处：《上海财经大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2025年第1期123-137,共15页Journal of Shanghai University of Finance and Economics

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“数字资产信托法律问题研究”(21BFX190);中央高校基金项目“‘双碳’目标下碳排放权交易的法律问题及信托法对策研究”(CSZ22002)。

摘　　要：作为数字革命产物的数字资产,不属于任何现有的法律类别,国内外立法和实践对其属性采取不同的对待,造成法律的不确定性,对其法律运作也存有争议。数字资产的属性如何、可否成为物权的客体、所有权的公示原则以及法律定位等诸多问题尚待厘清。两大法系有关数字资产属性之判断标准存在差异。在大陆法系国家,法国将财产统一概括到“物”的概念之中,而德国物权法则规定财产与物不可以等同。英美等国立法和实务界以及多国学者对数字资产的财产属性持开放、肯定的态度,承认加密资产等数字资产的财产属性,并将其作为物权之客体,采取物权的救济方式,尤其英美可获得中间所有权禁令的保护,这为我国在物权法中定位数字资产提供镜鉴。数字资产没有物理边界,不能以传统的方式占有而公示,但可以受持有者的专有控制。由于排他控制是物权产生的首要条件之一,因此,数字资产的所有权公示方式为“控制即所有”。数字化时代,将所有权的客体限定在有体物上不甚恰当,需要在民法典中将数字资产此类新型无形财产纳入“客体”的范畴,并对其在物权法上予以恰当定位。The digital revolution has brought about the dematerialization of the economy and promoted the rise of new digital assets,such as crypto assets.Recently,the global cryptocurrency market has ushered in an unprecedented boom.As digital currency has become digital gold,its attributes and the status of the object of property rights impose new challenges on the current property law and even civil law,which need to be quickly and effectively addressed.The decentralized and anonymous nature of crypto assets amplifies these challenges and continues to outpace the law's capacity to respond.As a result of the digital revolution,digital assets cannot be classified into any existing legal categories,and their attributes are differently treated by the legislation and practice all around the world,which causes legal uncertainty and debates over their legal operation.Many issues such as the nature of digital assets,whether it can be the object of property rights,the publicity principle of property rights,and the legal status are still to be clarified.There are differences between the two legal systems in judging the attributes of digital assets.In the civil law system,France unifies property into the concept of “thing”,while the German law of property rights stipulates that property and thing cannot be similar.The legislative and practical circles in the United Kingdom and the United States,as well as many other scholars,hold an open and positive attitude towards the property attributes of digital assets,and regard them as the object of property rights.Adopting the remedy of property rights,they can be protected by the interim proprietary injunction in the United Kingdom and the United States,which provides a mirror for the legal status of digital assets granted by the property law of China.Due to the lack of physical boundaries,digital assets cannot be owned and publicized in the traditional way,but they can be subject to the owner's exclusive control.Since exclusive control is one of the first requirements for the creatio

关 键 词：数字资产 新型无形财产 所有权客体 物权法定位 

分 类 号：D912[政治法律—法学]