新大国竞争时代美国对北约政策评析  

An Analysis of U.S.Policy Toward NATO in the New Era of Great Power Competition

作　　者：杨悦 徐佳福 YANG Yue;XU Jiafu

机构地区：[1]外交学院亚洲研究所(国家安全学院) [2]外交学院国家安全学院

出　　处：《当代美国评论》2025年第1期64-81,127-129,共21页Contemporary American Review

摘　　要：自从将与大国竞争确立为新的外交战略以来,美国开始调整其对北约政策以服务于此目标。特朗普在其第一任期内,试图通过优化防务责任分摊来推动北约内部改革,并利用北约在欧洲地区牵制俄罗斯。拜登政府则通过扩展安全议题以重振联盟凝聚力,推进北约全球联结以制衡俄罗斯和中国,并在其任内完成了北约“共同应对中国”的认知塑造、战略转向与伙伴网络构建等系统性工程。这两届美国政府分别通过施压与协商促使其北约盟国增加了军费开支,但未能减轻美国在欧防务负担;在联盟合作成效上有所进展,但未能修复日渐疏离的盟友关系;推动了北约战略重心转向应对大国威胁与挑战,但未能使北约盟友紧密追随美国的大国竞争战略,盟友对美的配合度有限。特朗普第二任期将继续以“美国优先”原则调整美国对北约政策,将施压盟国提高军费开支作为其首要关注,并继续在北约框架下渲染“中国威胁”,但在政策手段上或将偏离多边协同模式,转而通过“议题切割”等方式实现制华目标。特朗普抛弃其前任与北约盟友协同应对俄乌冲突的做法,不仅使北约协商一致的原则遭到破坏,甚至可能动摇北约的根基,并进一步加快欧洲防务自主进程。特朗普对俄罗斯的复杂态度也可能弱化北约对俄的有效威慑能力。Since establishing great power competition as a key theme of its foreign policy strategy,the United States has begun adjusting its NATO policy to serve this objective.During his first term,President Trump sought to promote internal reforms within NATO by pushing for a more balanced sharing of defense responsibilities,while leveraging the alliance to contain Russia in Europe.In contrast,the Biden administration attempted to revitalize alliance cohesion by expanding NATO's security agenda and advancing its global outreach to contain Russia and China.During his term,Biden has completed a systemic effort to reshape NATO's perception of China,redirect the alliance's strategic orientation,and expand its partnership network for the purpose of a“joint response to China”.Through a combination of pressure and negotiations,both administrations have urged NATO allies to increase their defense expenditures,yet have failed to truly alleviate U.S.defense burdens in Europe.While some progress has been made in improving alliance cooperation,neither administration has succeeded in repairing the increasingly strained relations among allies.Moreover,although the U.S.has steered NATO's strategic focus toward addressing great power threats and challenges,it has not secured full alignment from its allies with the broader U.S.strategy of great power competition,as NATO's allied cooperation with the U.S.remains limited.In his second term,President Trump will continue adjusting U.S.policy toward NATO under the“America First”principle,prioritizing pressure on allies to increase defense spending while perpetuating the“China threat”narrative within the NATO framework.However,his policy approach is likely to deviate from multilateral coordination,instead favoring issue-specific strategies to achieve its objectives aimed at containing China.Trump's abandonment of his predecessors'coordinated approach with NATO allies in addressing the Russia-Ukraine conflict will not only undermine the alliance's consensus-based decision-making pro

关 键 词：美国国家安全战略 大国竞争 特朗普政府 拜登政府 北约 

分 类 号：D81[政治法律—国际关系]