白银流入过剩对明朝中后期农业结构和经济体系的冲击  

The Subversion of Silver Invasion on Agricultural Structure and Economic System in the Middle and Late Ming Dynasty

作　　者：薛冰[1] 尹建龙[1] 许茹 Xue Bing;Yin Jianlong;Xu Ru

机构地区：[1]安徽大学历史学院

出　　处：《中国经济史评论》2023年第3期21-54,共34页China Economic History Review

基　　金：2021年度国家社科基金一般项目“企业家群体与英国自由贸易的兴衰研究(1770—1932)”(批准号:21BSS022)的阶段性研究成果

摘　　要：历史上,中国本土银矿产量较少,成色欠佳,提纯困难。历朝历代的经济结构和财政运行制度缺少对白银的系统考量。明朝中后期,来自日本和美洲的白银在中外贸易推动下如潮水般涌入中国。彼时中国对于白银的依赖程度,已远超他国对中国商品的需求程度。在财政政策配套制度成熟之前,巨额白银的输入冲击了传统农业结构和原有经济体系,在社会多方面产生了类似揠苗助长的效应。白银通过商品经济的流通,促使粮食作物被经济作物替代;白银窖藏代替了粮食窖储;农业基础和结构的被动性调整,使社会流民不断增多。明朝中晚期一片繁荣的背后是严重的结构性粮食短缺。社会的白银量又取决于海外银矿的采出,依赖国际贸易的不稳定输入,一旦出现财政危机,政府无法行使铸币权来调控经济。各种困境共振,动摇了明朝的统治根基。通过史料考证结合国内外先学的研究可知,海外白银流入过剩是造成明朝社会危机的重要原因之一。There is a lack of local silver in Chinese history.The output of local silver mines is small and the quality is not good.Therefore,the economic structure and financial operation system of all dynasties were not designed for silver.During the middle and late Ming Dynasty,silver from Japan and the Americas poured into China with waves of foreign trade and sea traders.At that time,the country's dependence on silver had far exceeded that of the West on Chinese goods.Before the supporting system of fiscal policy was mature,the huge amount of silver input subverted the traditional agricultural structure and the original economic system.Through the textual research of historical materials and the research of sages,the author believes that the collapse of the Ming Dynasty began with the invasion of silver.

关 键 词：明朝 货币白银化 财政货币化 财政危机 粮食危机 

分 类 号：F129[经济管理—世界经济] K248[历史地理—历史学]