中华典籍中的基础性人权理念及其与西方的差异  

The Basic Human Rights Concepts in Chinese Classics and Their Differences from the West

作　　者：赵建文[1] Zhao Jianwen

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院国际法研究所国际人权法研究室

出　　处：《人权》2025年第1期6-27,共22页Human Rights

摘　　要：中华典籍中的基础性人权理念主要包括三类:天人合一世界观影响下的秩序与自由的理念,以人为本或以仁为本价值观影响下的人的主体性和人权来源的理念,天下大同人生观指引下的人权与国家权力的关系的理念。其中,天人合一、师法自然的秩序与自由的理念比西方国家的“理性选择”下的秩序与自由理念更有益于人类社会的稳定与发展。以己所不欲勿施于人为规范原型形成1789年法国《人权宣言》第4条,“仁”和“人最为贵”的理念被分别写入《世界人权宣言》第1条和《人类环境宣言》序言,已经成为全人类的共同精神财富。中国古代选贤与能的科举制度与当代人权文书关于公民担任公职的政治权利的规定基本一致,在当时具有世界先进性。当代中国的“国家尊重和保障人权”的制度是植根于中华历史文化传统的具有社会主义优越性的制度。The basic human rights concepts in Chinese classics mainly encompass three categories:the concept of order and freedom influenced by the worldview of the unity of heaven and humanity,the concept of human subjectivity and the source of human rights influenced by the peopleoriented or benevolenceoriented values,as well as the concept of the relationship between human rights and state power guided by the outlook on life of great unity all under heaven.Among them,the concept of order and freedom of the unity of heaven and humanity and learning from nature is more beneficial to the stability and development of human society than the Western concept of order and freedom under“rational choice.”The norm prototype of“Do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself”formed the Article 4 of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789.The concepts of“benevolence”and“human superiority”have been written into Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the preamble of the Declaration on the Human Environment respectively,and have become the common spiritual wealth of all mankind.The ancient Chinese imperial examination system for selecting virtuous and capable people was basically consistent with the political rights of citizens to hold public office stipulated in contemporary human rights documents,and was advanced in the world at that time.The contemporary Chinese system of“the state respects and protects human rights”is a system rooted in the Chinese historical and cultural traditions and is with the superiority of socialism.

关 键 词：天人合一 以人为本 天下大同 人权理念 中华典籍 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]