律令典籍中的人权理念及其制度表达——以唐代狱囚的权益与保障为中心  

Human Rights Concepts and Their Institutional Expressions in Legal Codes:Focusing on the Rights and Protection of Prisoners in the Tang Dynasty

作　　者：刘晓林[1] Liu Xiaolin

机构地区：[1]吉林大学法学院

出　　处：《人权》2025年第1期28-42,共15页Human Rights

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“秦汉至唐律令立法语言分类整理、谱系建构与数据库建设”(项目批准号:21&ZD197)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：唐代狱囚在监禁期间享有衣食、医疗、卫生、休息、殡葬等权利,特定条件下还给予婚丧假期。《狱官令》规定了各项权利与保障措施,还规定了监禁期间戒具的使用规范;《断狱律》针对司法官吏保障不力及相应违法行为规定了明确罚则。审讯必须遵循判官亲问、亲仇回避、据状纠问、察情审理、立案同判等程序与实体要求。唐令对于司法官吏不得已而实施的拷讯在工具、方式、对象、数量等方面作了全面、细致、严格的限制,并对违反限制的行为予以严惩。律令典籍中没有出现“人权”概念,但是条文中蕴含着丰富的民本思想、仁爱价值、人权理念。系统梳理这些思想、价值、理念,并将其与马克思主义人权观相结合,必将助益于丰富中国人权实践,讲好中国人权故事,构建中国人权话语,并为人类共同的人权事业发展贡献中国智慧、中国方案。During the Tang Dynasty,incarcerated prisoners enjoyed various rights during their detention,including access to clothing,food,medical care,hygiene,rest,and burial arrangements.Under specific conditions,prisoners were even granted leave for family events such as funerals or weddings.The Rules for Prison Officials(Yuguanling)detailed the rights and safeguards for prisoners and set clear guidelines on the use of restraints during detention.Additionally,the Statutes on Deciding Cases(Duanyu Lü)outlined explicit penalties for judicial officials who failed to ensure prisoner rights or committed related violations.Interrogation processes adhered to strict procedural and substantive requirements,including direct questioning by judges,the avoidance of cases involving personal connections or conflicts of interest,evidencebased crossexaminations,careful investigation of circumstances,and consistent rulings across similar cases.The Tang legal code imposed comprehensive,detailed,and stringent limits on the application of coercive interrogations,specifying restrictions on tools,methods,subjects,and extent.Any breaches of these restrictions were met with severe punishments.While the concept of“human rights”did not appear in Tang legal and administrative texts,these laws and regulations embody abundant principles of peoplecentered governance,benevolence,and human rights values.Systematic examination of these ideas,values,and principles—when integrated with the Marxist perspective on human rights—can enrich China's contemporary human rights practice,contribute to articulating China's unique narrative on human rights,and play a role in constructing a distinctly Chinese discourse on human rights.Such efforts could provide Chinese wisdom and proposals for the advancement of human rights globally.

关 键 词：狱官令 断狱律 狱囚 权益保障 人权理念 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]