美国反贫困计划是如何失败的:基于明斯基的贫困问题研究  

Failure of the War on Poverty in the United States:Insights from Minsky's Study of Poverty

作　　者：孙小雨 Sun Xiaoyu(Institute of Economics,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院经济研究所,100836

出　　处：《经济思想史学刊》2024年第4期78-108,共31页Bulletin of the History of Economic Thought

摘　　要：二战后黄金年代期间美国贫困率显著下降,但自20世纪70年代以来美国贫困率在波动中回升。本文在已有研究的基础上系统梳理了明斯基关于贫困问题的研究,首先区分了美国反贫困计划的狭义和广义范畴,指出了明斯基不仅作为结构主义学者反对狭义反贫困计划背后的文化贫困理论,而且作为后凯恩斯主义学者系统批判了广义反贫困计划背后的大政府制度及作为基础的新古典综合理论,展现了将贫困问题和金融不稳定问题结合起来研究的独特视角;其次,批判性地指出明斯基所推崇的最后雇主政策虽然在成本收益核算上具有可行性、有助于消除贫困和维护金融稳定,且得到了后凯恩斯主义学者和制度主义学者的继承和拓展,但囿于充分就业的内在制度限制,其在宏观经济政策史上并未从政策选项转化为预算和行动,而且在经济危机的推动下有反过来被新自由主义俘获和滥用的可能;最后通过与美国的比较分析表明,中国公有制经济的主体地位、共产党领导的宏观经济治理体系和中国特色社会主义制度的延续性,使中国更具制度优势创造性地借鉴明斯基提出的包括最后雇主政策在内的反贫困方案,为消除贫困、推动共同富裕提供有力的制度保障。During the post-World WarⅡgolden age,the poverty rate in the United States declined significantly.However,since the 1970s,it has fluctuated and trended upward.This paper systematically reviews Minsky's study of poverty,distinguishing between narrow and broad anti-poverty programs in the United States.It points out that Minsky,as a structuralist scholar,challenged the cultural poverty theory underlying narrow anti-poverty programs,and as a post-Keynesian scholar,systematically critiqued the big government system behind broad anti-poverty programs and the neoclassical synthesis theory that forms the foundation of the programs,showing a unique perspective combined the study of poverty with financial instability.This paper also critically points out that the employer of last resort(ELR)policy advocated by Minsky is feasible in terms of cost-benefit accounting,helps to eliminate poverty and maintain financial stability,and has been inherited and developed by post-Keynesian and institutionalist scholars.However,due to the inherent institutional limitations of full employment,the ELR policy has not been transformed from a policy option into a budget and action in the history of macroeconomic policies.Moreover,under the shock of economic crises,it may be captured and abused by neoliberalism in turn.Finally,through a comparative analysis with the United States,this paper argues that China's dominant position of the public-owned economy,the macroeconomic governance system led by the Communist Party of China,and the continuity of socialism with Chinese characteristics give it more institutional advantages to creatively draw on the antipoverty programs proposed by Minsky,including the ELR policy,and provide strong institutional guarantee for eliminating poverty and promoting common prosperity.

关 键 词：“向贫困宣战” 充分就业 金融不稳定 制度优势 

分 类 号：F12[经济管理—世界经济]