贸易制裁与反制裁的法律博弈:国际法治视角下的中国方案  

The Interplay of Trade Sanctions and Counter-sanctions:China s Approach from the Perspective of International Rule of Law

作　　者：刘敬东[1] 雷啸天 LIU Jing-dong;LEI Xiao-tian(Institute of International Law,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 100102;University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 102488)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院国际法研究所,北京100102 [2]中国社会科学院大学,北京102488

出　　处：《供应链管理》2025年第4期5-18,共14页SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT

基　　金：中国社会科学院重大创新项目“涉外法律法规体系和法治实施体系研究”(2024YZD012)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：近年来,以美国为首的西方国家在国际上频繁使用单边贸易制裁手段打压限制他国,试图以此维护其霸权并赢得地缘政治利益。作为被美国视为最大战略竞争对手的中国是美国及其西方盟友施以贸易制裁的最主要目标之一,为有力反制他国非法单边制裁,维护自身主权、安全和发展利益,我国建立了具有中国特色的反制裁法律体系。党的二十届三中全会《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革推进中国式现代化的决定》(以下简称《决定》)提出,要“健全反制裁、反干涉、反‘长臂管辖’机制”,为我国反制裁法律体系的未来指明了发展方向。文章首先分析制裁与反制裁的国际法理,揭示出美西方国家实施的单边贸易制裁因缺乏国际公约授权和国际习惯法支持而不具合法性,反制裁措施的合法性来源于国际法赋予国家保护自己免受不法侵害的固有权利,强调反制裁措施本身亦需要符合国际法相关规则。我国现已建立了较为完善的、“多层次、多维度、针对性强”的反制裁法律体系,但仍存在条款内容较为原则笼统、受害者求偿诉讼路径等尚不明确、反制裁中的阻断措施适用困难等短板和弱项。为贯彻落实《决定》提出的战略部署,应从加强供应链立法、细化反制裁法律条款、增强各法律之间的协调性及法律条款的实践操作性、利用多边平台推动国际合作及促进反制裁国际法规则更加完善等方面着力,为国际法治中的反制裁斗争提供中国方案。In recent years,Western countries,led by the United States,have frequently employed unilateral trade sanctions internationally to suppress and restrict other nations,attempting to maintain their hegemony and secure geopolitical gains.China,regarded by the United States as its greatest strategic competitor,has become one of the primary targets of such trade sanctions by the U.S.and its Western allies.To effectively counteract these illegal unilateral sanctions and safeguard its sovereignty,security,and development interests,China has established a counter-sanctions legal system with Chinese characteristics.The Decision of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China calls for the improvement of mechanisms for counter-sanctions,anti-interference,and resisting“long-arm jurisdiction”,which provides a clear direction for the future development of China s counter-sanctions legal framework.This paper first analyzes the international legal principles of sanctions and counter-sanctions,revealing that the unilateral sanctions imposed by the U.S.and Western countries lack legitimacy due to the absence of authorization by international treaties and customary international law.The legitimacy of counter-sanctions stems from the inherent right granted by international law for states to protect themselves from unlawful harm,while also emphasizing that counter-sanctions must comply with relevant international legal rules.China has already established a relatively comprehensive,“multi-layered,multi-dimensional,and targeted”counter-sanctions legal system.However,there remain weaknesses,such as vague and overly general provisions,unclear paths for victim compensation lawsuits,and difficulties in applying disruption measures in counter-sanctions.To implement the strategic objectives outlined in the Decision,efforts should be made to strengthen supply chain legislation,refine the legal provisions on sanctions,enhance the coordination between various legal frameworks and the practical

关 键 词：贸易制裁 反制裁 国际法治 中国方案 供应链法 

分 类 号：F742[经济管理—国际贸易] D996[经济管理—产业经济]