祭祀制度与晚商王权  

The Sacrifi cial System and the Royal Power in the Late Shang Dynasty

作　　者：腾兴建 Teng Xingjian

机构地区：[1]安徽大学历史学院

出　　处：《历史研究》2024年第12期68-92,186,共26页Historical Research

基　　金：国家社科基金后期资助重点项目“商代祭祀对象研究”(23FZSA003)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：武丁、祖庚时期,商人相信鬼神权威,神权力量强大。商王通过掌握主祭权、假借鬼神名义发号施令等方式,借助神权巩固统治,但神权的强大又制约王权进一步发展。因此,从祖甲开始,商王通过调整祭祀制度强化王权。祖甲时期形成的周祭制度突出历代先王崇高地位,体现王权至上性;廪辛、康丁时期形成的祊祭制度重视直系血统传承,是商王以宗法强化王权的重要举措。周祭、祊祭等祭祀制度的盛行,反映神权逐渐跌落、王权逐渐增强。到商末,神权已被王权消化、吸收,并最终融入王权之中。During the reigns of King Wuding and King Zugeng in the Shang dynasty,people believed in the authority of ghosts and gods,and the religious authority was powerful.The Shang kings consolidated their rule through their control over the power to preside over sacrifi cial ceremonies and by issuing commands under the guise of ghosts and gods.However,the strong religious authority also constrained the further development of royal power.Therefore,starting from King Zujia,the Shang kings strengthened their royal power by adjusting sacrifi cial systems.The Zhouji(周祭)formed during Zujia period,highlighted the high status of the previous kings and embodied the supremacy of royal power.The Bengji(祊祭)formed during Linxin and Kangding period,emphasized the inheritance of direct lineage,which was an important measure taken by the Shang kings to strengthen their royal power through the use of clan system.The prevalence of sacrifi cial systems such as Zhouji(周祭)and Bengji(祊祭)refl ected the fact that religious authority was gradually declining while royal power was gradually strengthening.At the end of the Shang dynasty,religious authority had been digested,absorbed,and ultimately integrated into the royal power.

关 键 词：商代 祭祀制度 神权 王权 

分 类 号：K87[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]