以工具为中心:神经元学说的三次转变  

Tool-Centered Perspective:Three Major Transformations of the Neuron Doctrine

作　　者：李双 李侠[1] LI Shuang;LI Xia(School of History and Culture of Science,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai 200240,China)

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学科学史与科学文化研究院,上海200240

出　　处：《科学技术哲学研究》2025年第2期93-99,共7页Studies in Philosophy of Science and Technology

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地项目“交叉科学引发的范式融合问题研究”(Z2JJD720015)。

摘　　要：近年来,一些神经科学家提倡以“工具为中心”的神经科学发展新模式,但现有研究多局限于单一事件,缺乏对神经科学发展历程的系统性考察。梳理神经元学说的演进历程(1850—1950),可以发现神经元学说的三次重大理论革命都离不开技术层面的革新。首先,光学显微镜和组织学染色技术的进步解决了神经细胞结构的基本争议。其次,电压钳制技术的应用使霍奇金和赫胥黎得以纠正伯恩斯坦的膜假说,建立离子假说,从而揭示动作电位的机制。第三,玻璃微电极技术的发展促使埃克尔斯转向化学传递机制,并帮助卡兹最终阐明突触传递的本质。工具中心的视阈下,系统考察假说提出、仪器改进、争论终结和理论确证的完整过程,不仅能更全面地理解神经元学说的发展史,也为当代神经科学的发展提供了重要启示。In recent years,some neuroscientists have advocated a new“tool-centered”approach of neuroscience development.However,existing studies largely focus on a single event rather than the systematic examination of the historical development of neuroscience.An examination of the evolution of the neuron doctrine(1850—1950)re⁃veals that the three major theoretical revolutions were inextricably driven by advancements in technology.Firstly,advancements in optical microscopy and histological staining techniques resolved fundamental controversies regard⁃ing neuronal structure.Secondly,the application of the voltage clamp technique enabled Hodgkin and Huxley to re⁃vise Bernstein’s membrane hypothesis and establish the ionic hypothesis,thus elucidating the mechanism of the ac⁃tion potential.Thirdly,the development of glass microelectrode techniques prompted Eccles to shift toward chemi⁃cal transmission mechanisms,ultimately helping Katz to verify the nature of synaptic transmission.Adopting the tool-centered perspective,systematically examining the complete process of hypothesis formation,technological improvements in instrumentation,resolution of controversies,and theoretical verification not only provides a more comprehensive understanding of the historical development of the neuron doctrine but also provides valuable implications for contemporary neuroscience.

关 键 词：神经科学 神经元学说 工具 科学思想史 

分 类 号：N09[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]