Self-adjusting voxelated electrochemical three-dimensional printing of metallic microstructures  

作　　者：Xianghe Meng Xiaomo Wu Xingjian Shen Yan Xu Hao Zhang Mingjun Chen Hui Xie 

机构地区：[1]State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems,Harbin Institute of Technology,Harbin 150080,People’s Republic of China

出　　处：《International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing》2025年第1期420-433,共14页极端制造(英文)

基　　金：supported in part by National Key R&D Program of China under Grant 2023YFB4705600;in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 61925304,62127810 and 62203138;in part by the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents under Grant BX20200107;in part by the Self-Planned Task(No.SKLRS202205C)of State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System(HIT).

摘　　要：Microscale metallic structures enhanced by additive manufacturing technology have attracted extensive attention especially in microelectronics and electromechanical devices.Meniscus-confined electrodeposition(MCED)advances microscale 3D metal printing,enabling simpler fabrication of superior metallic microstructures in air without complex equipment or post-processing.However,accurately predicting growth rates with current MCED techniques remain challenging,which is essential for precise structure fabrication and preventing nozzle clogging.In this work,we present a novel approach to electrochemical 3D printing that utilizes a self-adjusting,voxelated method for fabricating metallic microstructures.Diverging from conventional voxelated printing which focuses on monitoring voxel thickness for structure control,this technique adopts a holistic strategy.It ensures each voxel’s position is in alignment with the final structure by synchronizing the micropipette’s trajectory during deposition with the intended design,thus facilitating self-regulation of voxel position and reducing errors associated with environmental fluctuations in deposition parameters.The method’s ability to print micropillars with various tilt angles,high density,and helical arrays demonstrates its refined control over the deposition process.Transmission electron microscopy analysis reveals that the deposited structures,which are fabricated through layer-by-layer(voxel)printing,contain nanotwins that are widely known to enhance the material’s mechanical and electrical properties.Correspondingly,in situ scanning electron microscopy(SEM)microcompression tests confirm this enhancement,showing these structures exhibit a compressive yield strength exceeding 1 GPa.The indentation tests provided an average hardness of 3.71 GPa,which is the highest value reported in previous work using MCED.The resistivity measured by the four-point probe method was(1.95±0.01)×10^(−7)Ω·m,nearly 11 times that of bulk copper.These findings demonstrate the conside

关 键 词：additive manufacturing self-adjusting voxelated electrodeposition metallic microstructures 3D printing nanotwinned copper 

分 类 号：TG6[金属学及工艺—金属切削加工及机床]