牛早期胚胎丢失原因及干预措施研究进展  

Research Progress on the Causes and Countermeasures of Early Embryo Loss in Cattle

作　　者：余昊天 王少华 王华南[1] 张坤 YU Haotian;WANG Shaohua;WANG Huanan;ZHANG Kun(College of Animal Science,Zhejiang University,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Dairy Quality of Dairy Cattle,Zhejiang Hangzhou 310058,China)

机构地区：[1]浙江省奶牛遗传改良与乳品质研究重点实验室,浙江大学动物科学学院,浙江杭州310058

出　　处：《中国畜牧杂志》2025年第3期9-20,共12页Chinese Journal of Animal Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金国际(地区)合作与交流项目(32161143032);国家重点研发计划“政府间国际科技创新合作”项目(2022YFE0100200);温州市山区五县共同富裕专项(ZF2022009)。

摘　　要：牛的繁殖率低,以奶牛为例,母牛第一情期受胎率约为35%。牛的低繁殖率已成为制约养牛业生产效率和优良品种推广的关键因素,其中胚胎丢失问题尤为突出。胚胎丢失是指由于胚胎发育不正常导致的死亡或流产,给养牛业带来犊牛生产、品种推广等方面的经济损失。胚胎丢失多发生在胚胎发育的早期阶段,并受多因素影响。因此,采取有针对性的有效措施对减少胚胎丢失、提升经济回报具有重要意义。本文侧重奶牛,概述了牛早期胚胎发育的生理机制,分析了环境、疾病、营养、繁殖管理和遗传育种等5个方面对牛胚胎丢失的影响,并提出相应的解决策略,以期为胚胎丢失问题提供指导性建议,推动养牛业持续发展。The reproduction efficiency of cattle is relatively low.For example,the conception rate of female dairy cows during their first estrus period is approximately 35%.The low reproduction rate of cattle represents a significant impediment to the productivity of the dairy cow industry and the promotion of superior breeds,with the issue of embryo loss being a particularly salient concern.Embryo loss refers to the death or abortion caused by abnormal embryo development,which results in economic loss for the dairy cow industry with respect to calf production and genetic improvement.This type of loss typically occurs during the early stages of embryo development and is influenced by a number of factors.It is therefore important to implement targeted and effective measures to reduce embryo loss and enhance economic returns.This paper focuses on dairy cattle,outlines the physiological mechanisms of early embryonic development,analyses the effects of five aspects on cattle embryo loss,including environment,disease,nutrition,reproductive management and genetic breeding,and puts forward corresponding strategies to solve the problem,with a view to providing guidance on how to address embryo loss and promote the sustainable development of the cattle industry.

关 键 词：奶牛 早期胚胎丢失 胚胎发育 热应激 繁殖管理 

分 类 号：S823.3[农业科学—畜牧学]