牧民的智慧:明代前中期甘青地区马政的演进逻辑  

Wisdom of the Herders:The Development of Horse Policy in Early to Mid-Ming Gan-Qing Region

作　　者：胡箫白 Hu Xiaobai

机构地区：[1]南京大学历史学院,南京210000

出　　处：《中国经济史研究》2025年第2期97-108,共12页Researches in Chinese Economic History

基　　金：教育部“春晖计划”合作科研项目“明清藏彝走廊的国家治理与民族融合研究”(项目编号:202200455)阶段性成果之一。

摘　　要：明代前中期是王朝势力逐步深入甘青地区的关键历史时段。在此过程中,“国家-社会”关系不断调整,并在地区马政的演进逻辑中得到了集中体现。洪武前期,明朝势力尚未深入甘青地方社会,地区马政为本地部众所主导,明廷无法从以物易物的实物贸易形式中获取大量马匹。从洪武后期开始,明廷对甘青地区的统治渐趋稳固,因之施行金牌信符制度在地方社会征纳“差发马”,纳马额度的摊派刺激了甘青地区的人口流动,亦造成了区域内部社会关系的剧烈变化。15世纪前期,朝贡制度使甘青部众重新获得了马匹贸易的主导权。通过贡马,甘青部众抬高了马匹价值,并在频繁朝贡的过程中获得了大量明廷赏赐。因应于明代前中期朝廷不断演进的马政,甘青部众充分发挥主观能动性,展现了“牧民的智慧”。The early to mid-Ming era is the key historical period for the Ming to penetrate in the local society of Gan-Qing region.In this process,the state-society relationship was in constant adjustment,and was especially revealed through the development of Ming’s horse policy.During the early Hongwu reign when the imperial power had not generated much influence on the ground,horse policy in Gan-Qing was mostly driven by the indigenous people,resulting in the Ming’s low horse procurement in its barter activities with the locals.Starting from the late Hongwu reign,along with the Ming’s strengthened control over the region,the Ming carried out golden tablet policy to forcibly request horses from the indigenes,leading to large-scale transregional movement and drastically changing social relationship.In the early 15th century,the tributary system enabled the Gan-Qing indigenes to benefit from their interaction with the Ming.By paying horses as tribute,Gan-Qing indigenes could raise horse value in addition to receiving lavish amount of court rewards.Faced with the Ming’s ever-changing horse policies,Gan-Qing indigenes improvised to respond,demonstrating the wisdom of the herders.

关 键 词：明代前中期 甘青地区 马政 

分 类 号：F81[经济管理—财政学]