知识、科学与市场:近代桐油知识的流动与中美桐油贸易  

Knowledge,Science and Market:The Flowing of Knowledge of Tung Oil and Sino-US Tung Oil Trade

作　　者：李俊杰 Li Junjie

机构地区：[1]中央民族大学历史文化学院,北京100081

出　　处：《中国经济史研究》2025年第2期124-138,共15页Researches in Chinese Economic History

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“明清华北核心区生态环境变迁与经济发展研究”(批准号:22&ZD224)阶段性成果之一。

摘　　要：中国作为桐油的原产地,在古代形成了一套关于油桐和桐油的经验性知识。随着西方近代植物学和现代化学的发展,尤其是分析化学的兴起以及对实验的重视,使人们对物质和生命内部有了更多的了解,也构建了一种基于现代科学的桐油知识体系。20世纪前期,美国拓展了桐油的使用范围,大大刺激了美国对中国桐油的需求,中国桐油对美出口激增,美国也逐渐成为中国最大的桐油出口国。同时,美国依靠先进的科学知识和强大的工业能力,移植中国油桐以期建立商业化经营模式的桐油工业,其中所创造的桐油知识深刻地影响了近代中国的油桐种植和桐油产销。中国通过建立桐油检验机构提高桐油品质、进行油桐选种育种实验,并提倡育苗法和造林法,建议引进美国榨油机器建立新式榨油厂以及成立中国植物油料厂实现桐油直接出口等对中国桐油事业进行改良,以应对美国的批评和竞争。抗战胜利后,中美农业技术合作团的报告书介绍了美国经验,并提出中国桐油改进意见,中国政府在此基础上出台桐油改进计划并部分地付诸实施,但是因为国民党忙于内战,再加上抗战时期桐林破坏严重,这些计划并没有奏效。As the origin of tung oil,China has formed a set of empirical knowledge about tung tree and tung oil in ancient times.With the development of modern Western botany and modern chemistry,especially the rise of analytical chemistry and the emphasis on experiments,people have a better understanding of the interior of matter and life,and have constructod a modern science-based tung oil knowledge system.In the early 20th century,scientific research on the planting of tung tree and the chemical properties of tung oil was strengthened,and a more mature and efficient knowledge system of tung oil was built,which expanded the scope of use of tung oil and greatly stimulated the demand for Chinese tung oil in the United States,and the export of Chinese tung oil to the United States surged.The United States has gradually become China’s largest exporter of tung oil.At the same time,relying on its advanced scientific knowledge and strong industrial capabilities,the United States transplanted Chinese tung tree in order to establish a commercial operation model of tung oil industry.The tung oil knowledge created in this process has profoundly influenced modern Chinese tung tree planting and tung oil production and sales.China improves the quality of tung oil through the establishment of tung oil inspection institutions,conducts tung tree selection and breeding experiments,and advocates seedling cultivation and afforestation methods.China also recommends the introduction of American oil extraction machines to establish new oil extraction plants,and the establishment of Chinese vegetable oil plants to realize China’s direct export of tung oil.The tung oil business was revamped in response to U.S.criticism and competition.After the Anti-Japanese War,the national government invited American agricultural experts to form a Sino-US agricultural technical cooperation group for guidance,which prepared a report introducing the American experience and putting forward suggestions for improving Chinese tung oil thdustry.On this basis,the n

关 键 词：桐油 中美桐油贸易 中国植物油料厂 中美农业技术合作团 

分 类 号：TQ6[化学工程]