晚清发审幕友修金的摊捐及其困境  

System and Dilemma about the Apportionment of the Fashenmuyou’s Salary in the Late Qing Dynasty

作　　者：宁浩 Ning Hao

机构地区：[1]南开大学中国社会史研究中心暨历史学院,天津300350

出　　处：《中国经济史研究》2025年第2期153-163,共11页Researches in Chinese Economic History

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“清代农家账簿中的乡村经济和社会史料整理与研究”(批准号:22&ZD078)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：道光以降,由于州县发审案件的增多和积压,各省发审局和道府官员聘请发审幕友协办处理,以州县摊捐的方式筹集高昂的幕友修金。朝廷虽有禁令,却无法阻止发审幕修摊捐在地方盛行,其主要原因是发审幕友已深度参与审转覆核制运作。摊捐实际收效有限,由于州县负担沉重且无关州县考成,账面上州县欠款累累。虽有出现发审幕修放弃依赖摊捐的情况,不过直至清末司法改革和清朝覆灭,州县摊捐仍是发审幕修的主要经费来源。官员在幕修上的高投入与对摊捐体系的苦力维护,反映出发审幕友作为晚清司法运作的组成部分及其重要地位。Since the Daoguang reign,in response to growing cases,the Provincial Justice Bureau and the middle class governments hired the Fashenmuyou(发审幕友),but the Fashenmuyou’s high salary was payed through apportionment by subordinate class governments.Despite being prohibited by the Qing Court,the apportionment and the donation were persisted.This situation arose primarily due to deep involvement of the Fashenmuyou in late Qing Dynasty’s judical retrial system operation.However,the apportionment had limited impact.Subordinate class governments were in arrears,because they were burdened with heavy debt and unrelated to its responsibility assessment.Some Bureaus attempted to abandon apportionment and instead raise Lijin fees;however,until judicial reform and fall of the Dynasty,the Bureaus and the middle classes’Fashenmuyou continued payed by apportionment from subordinate classes.The Fashenmuyou salary’s apportionment reflected the Fashenmuyou’s significant influence on the judiciary within subordinate class governments.

关 键 词：发审幕友 修金 摊捐 发审局 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]