国家豁免立法的商业活动例外研究  

Study on the Exception of Commercial Activities in State Immunity Legislation

作　　者：王佳[1] Wang Jia

机构地区：[1]外交学院国际法系

出　　处：《国际法研究》2025年第1期22-36,共15页Chinese Review of International Law

基　　金：国家社科基金2024年度一般项目“《外国国家豁免法》实施中的外交介入问题研究”(24BFX150)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：商业活动是限制豁免论的核心概念,商业活动例外是国家豁免立法中最常被援引的条款,也是国家豁免领域最复杂的问题之一。目前,虽然各国对于商业活动作为国家豁免的例外基本无异议,但却对商业活动例外的范围有较大争议。国家豁免立法的商业活动例外的适用关键在于商业活动的界定和领土联系的确定。商业活动的定义和判断标准多样,《联合国国家及其财产管辖豁免公约》(下称《联合国国家豁免公约》)及各国立法对此有不同规定,实践中有“性质说”“目的说”“混合标准说”等。对于领土联系,《联合国国家豁免公约》规定模糊,美国《外国主权豁免法》规定复杂且争议颇多。由于在国家豁免案件中,法院要平衡提供司法救济与减少外交争议之间的关系,对于商业活动的界定,建议中国法院综合考虑行为性质和目的界定商业活动,参考请求要点检验法判断诉求与行为之间的关系,对整体案件背景进行分析;对于领土联系的确定,建议法院对于“在我国领域内发生的行为”按照实质联系的要求判断,对中国产生“直接影响”的判断考虑实质联系和未受干扰两个要素。The concept of commercial activities is the core concept of restrictive immunity theory,and the exception of commercial activities is the most frequently cited clause in State immunity legislation and one of the most complex issues in the field of State immunity.At present,although there is generally no objection to commercial activities as an exception to State immunity,there is significant controversy over its scope.The key to the application of the exception of commercial activities in national legislation lies in the definition of commercial activities and the determination of territorial connections.There are diverse definitions and judgment criteria for commercial activities.The United Nations Convention and others have different regulations.In practice,there are the Nature Theory,the Purpose Theory,and the Mixed Standard Theory,with the Nature Theory being the mainstream,but other criteria also have their roles.Regarding the territorial connection,the United Nations Convention has ambiguous regulations,and the US Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act has complex and controversial regulations.Considering the maintenance of the balance between providing judicial remedies and reducing diplomatic disputes in cases of State immunity,it is recommended that Chinese courts comprehensively consider the nature and purpose of the act to define commercial activities,refer to the gravamen test to judge the relationship between claims and acts,and analyze the overall background of the case in defining commercial activities.For the determination of territorial connection,it is recommended that the courts judge"takes place in the territory of the People's Republic of China"according to the requirements of substantive connection,and consider two elements of substantive connection and undisturbed when judgingg"causes a direct effect in the territory of the People's Republic of China".

关 键 词：外国国家豁免法 国家豁免 商业活动 限制豁免 直接影响 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]