国际法院“尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚案”2023年判决之批评——以习惯国际法的识别为中心  

The 2023 Judgment of Nicaragua v.Colombia:A Critique of the ICJ's Identification of Customary International Law

作　　者：孔令杰[1] 陈龙 Kong Lingjie;Chen Long

机构地区：[1]武汉大学中国边界与海洋研究院

出　　处：《国际法研究》2025年第1期50-71,共22页Chinese Review of International Law

基　　金：国家社科基金重大专项(22VHQ004)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：国际法院在“尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚案”2023年判决中提出,依据习惯国际法,一国对自其领海基线量起200海里外大陆架的权利不能延伸至从另一国基线量起200海里以内。一般惯例和法律确信是习惯法规则的构成要素,“两要素法”是公认的识别习惯法的基本方法,该方法要求单独评价和认定两项要素的存在。在这项习惯法规则的识别上,国际法院声称但并未真正适用“两要素法”,没有单独识别一般惯例和法律确信。在一般惯例的认定上,法院主要依据的是有关国家向大陆架界限委员会提交的划界案,忽视了其他类型的国家实践及相反的国家实践,其所依据的国家实践难以称得上具有足够的广泛性、代表性和一致性。在法律确信的认定上,法院没有依据直接相关的确凿证据,而是基于动机具有极大不确定性的国家实践作出推断。可以说,法院以自我断言的方式直接声称习惯法规则的存在,这种做法既与习惯法认定的一般做法不符,也严重偏离其自身形成的相关判例。法院所声称的习惯法规则实质上改写了《联合国海洋法公约》的相关条款,可能对全球范围内众多沿海国大陆架外部界限的确定、划界及相关海洋权利争端的解决产生长远影响。法院的做法本质上属自我造法,将遭到包括中国在内的众多沿海国的反对。In the Judgment of the Nicaragua v.Colombia Case delivered in 2023,the International Court of Justice concluded that,"under customary international law,a State's entitlement to a continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of its territorial sea is measured may not extend within 200 nautical miles from the baselines of another State."General practice and opinio juris are the constituent elements of a rule of customary law,and the"two-element approach",which is recognised as the basic method of identifying customary law,requires that the existence of both elements be assessed and determined separately.With regard to the identification of this customary rule,while nominally stating that it would apply the"two-element approach",the Court did not really apply this approach in substance.In the determination of general practice,the Court relied primarily on the practice of the States concerned in their submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf,disregarding other types of State practice and widespread contrary State practice.The relevant State practice relied upon by the Court to identify the existence of a general practice is not sufficiently widespread,representative,or consistent.In the determination of opinio juris,instead of relying on directly relevant corroborating evidence,the Court deduced opinio juris from State practices whose motives are highly uncertain.The Court simply asserts the existence of a customary rule,which goes against the widely accepted approach and criteria,and deviates substantially from its own jurisprudence in respect of the identification of customary rules.The customary rule asserted by the Court is in essence a rewriting of the relevant provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and may profoundly affect the determination of the outer limits of the continental shelf,maritime delimitation and the settlement of disputes concerning maritime rights of many coastal States on a global scale.The Court's

关 键 词：尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚案 国际法院 联合国海洋法公约 200海里外大陆架 习惯国际法 两要素法 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]