美国空间交通管理的制度、实践及中国的因应  

Space Traffic Management Institutions,Practices of the US and China's Stands

作　　者：杨宽 申雨琪[1] Yang Kuan;Shen Yuqi

机构地区：[1]北京理工大学法学院 [2]北京理工大学空天政策与法律研究院

出　　处：《国际法研究》2025年第1期145-164,共20页Chinese Review of International Law

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“大规模小卫星星座的国际法规制及我国应对研究”(20CFX078);国家社科基金重大项目“新时代强化太空安全保障体系建设研究”(23&ZD137)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：航天技术与活动的最新发展以及商业实体越来越多地参与外空活动表明,有必要在外层空间制定规范化的交通管理规则。太空战略竞争以及安全利益冲突导致国家间直接谈判存在困难,空间交通管理正呈现“自下而上”的发展趋势。美国率先建立了空间交通管理的国内框架,通过与“负责任外空行为准则”等国际规则主张相联动,有计划地积极推广其空间交通管理国内标准、准则和最佳实践走向国际层面,争夺国际规则制定权和国际治理主导权。在实践中,美国实施差别化的空间数据共享政策,以建立由其主导的全球空间交通协调系统。鉴于当前国际社会尚未建立空间交通管理机制、未出台专门性国际规则,具有较强影响力的航天大国的国内立法和国家实践将对国际空间交通管理的实施及发展产生重要影响。中国对于国际空间交通管理有着重要利益诉求,需综合考量空间交通管理国际机制构建对中国外空安全及总体安全的影响,明确并完善空间交通管理相关国内制度,依托多边平台寻找合作机会,积极参与并推动联合国框架下空间交通管理机制的构建。Recent developments in the field of aerospace and the increasing participation of commercial entities in space activities have demonstrated the need to establish standardized rules for traffic management in outer space.Strategic competition in space and conflicting security interests have made it difficult for States to negotiate directly with each other,and there is a trend towards a"bottom-up"approach to space traffic management,whereby space powers,represented by the United States,are systematically and actively pursuing the outward flow of domestic space traffic management norms through safety standards and best practices in order to compete for the right to make international rules and to take the lead in international governance dominance.At present,the international community has not yet established a space traffic management mechanism or introduced specialized international rules,and the domestic laws and national practices of major countries with strong influence will have a certain impact on the implementation and development of international space traffic management.As one of the major spacefaring countries,China has important interests in international space traffic management and needs to consider clarifying and improving its domestic space traffic management system,relying on multilateral platforms to find opportunities for cooperation,and actively participating in and promoting the establishment of a space traffic management mechanism under the framework of the United Nations.

关 键 词：空间交通管理 空间交通规则 低轨巨型星座 负责任外空行为 外空活动长期可持续性 

分 类 号：F42[经济管理—产业经济]