大银行在乡村金融市场中的定位与优势——博弈理论与案例相结合的分析  

Positioning and Advantages of Large Banks in Rural Financial Markets:An Analysis Combining Game Theory and Case Studies

作　　者：方意 黄杏 FANG Yi;HUANG Xing

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学国家发展与战略研究院,北京100872 [2]香港中文大学(深圳)经管学院,广东深圳518172

出　　处：《学习与实践》2025年第3期51-61,F0002,共12页Study and Practice

基　　金：国家自然科学基金重大项目“结构性货币政策支持科技创新的机制与优化”(项目编号:72495153);国家自然科学基金面上项目“金融文本大数据与银行业系统性风险:指标构建、应用与评估整合”(项目编号:72173144);国家社科基金重大项目“中国金融安全统计监测、预警与对策研究”(项目编号:23&ZD058);北京市社会科学基金青年学术带头人项目“防范化解经济金融领域重大风险研究”(项目编号:24DTR018)。

摘　　要：小额信贷市场上的“小银行优势”通常存在两个假设:第一,小额信贷的发放主要依赖软信息;第二,大银行限制基层组织的放款权限,进而抑制了其收集利用软信息的积极性。基于我国六大国有商业银行有关乡村金融的415个案例,检验这两个假设在我国乡村金融市场的适用性,并结合“智猪博弈”模型分析大型国有商业银行向农村投入技术与资金的原因。研究结果表明,“小银行优势”存在的两个假设在我国乡村金融市场上并未得到验证。一方面,随着金融科技发展,大型国有商业银行涉农贷款的发放决策对于软信息的依赖逐步减弱。另一方面,大型国有商业银行通过整村授信等机制能够有效利用软信息,一定程度上改善发放涉农贷款时的低效问题。因此,应推动不同类型银行在乡村金融市场差异化定位,发挥大银行的科技优势和中小银行的本地化特长;因地制宜设计涉农金融产品,提升金融服务的精准性和实效性;通过政策引导和激励机制,促进大银行与中小银行的协作,构建功能互补的乡村金融体系。The“small bank advantage”in the microcredit market is typically based on two key assump-tions:first,that microcredit issuance primarily relies on soft information;second,that large banks restrict the lending authority of grassroots branches,thereby inhibiting their motivation and ability to collect and utilize soft information.Based on 415 cases of rural finance practices from China’s six large state-owned commercial banks,we test the applicability of these two assumptions in China’s rural financial market and analyze the rea-sons behind large state-owned commercial banks’investment in rural technology and capital using the“Smart Pig Game”model.The findings indicate that the two assumptions underpinning the“small bank advantage”are not validated in China’s rural financial market.On the one hand,with the advancement of financial tech-nology,large state-owned commercial banks have gradually reduced their dependence on soft information in agricultural loan issuance.On the other hand,these banks effectively utilize soft information through mecha-nisms such as village-wide credit granting,thereby mitigating inefficiencies in issuance of agricultural loans to some extent.Therefore,policies should encourage different types of banks to adopt differentiated positioning in rural financial markets,leveraging the technological advantages of large banks and the localization strengths of small and medium-sized banks.Rural financial products should be designed based on local conditions to en-hance the precision and effectiveness of financial services.Furthermore,policy guidance and incentive mecha-nisms should be employed to promote collaboration between large and small-to-medium banks,fostering a complementary rural financial system.

关 键 词：乡村振兴 普惠金融 商业银行 信息不对称 

分 类 号：F83[经济管理—金融学] F32