数据确权的宪法之维  

The Constitutional Dimension of Data Ownership

作　　者：程迈 CHENG Mai(Institute for Foreign-Related Rule of Law in East China University of Political Science and Law)

机构地区：[1]华东政法大学涉外法治研究院

出　　处：《法学家》2025年第2期54-66,192,193,共15页The Jurist

摘　　要：传统理论与制度在处理数据确权时出现了一定的应对乏力现象,这与数据作为法律权利客体会表现出全新特性,在找寻数据确权方案时不同部门法间存在着一定的价值碰撞,以及传统理论和制度难以充分解决数据利益分配问题有关。这些难题的出现,为宪法理论与制度的进一步发展提供了良机。数据是一种社会化程度极高的新型生产要素,在设计可以促进这种数据生产要素获得充分利用的法制框架的过程中,宪法促进法制整体协调发展的功能也面临着新的挑战。在有中国特色的社会主义市场经济体制中,数据确权过程中还会涉及各级各类政府机关的自身利益,这也对宪法制度与理论提出了更高发展要求。数据确权问题同时涉及宪法中的一阶与二阶共识。数据确权中的不同立场都可以在宪法的一阶共识体系中找到支持,问题最终解决需要充分运用二阶共识,以平衡各利益相关方的诉求,最终构建出共同持有、促进数据采集利用的数据权利制度。The phenomenon of inadequate response of the traditional legal systems to dealing with data ownership issues is due to the novel characteristics of data as a legal object.In the discussion of data ownership,there is a collision of values among different sectoral laws,and traditional legal theories are struggling to fully address the issue of data interest distribution.Facing these challenges,the constitutional law needs to play a role in fixing the deficiencies in the traditional legal system.Moreover,as a highly socialized new factor of production,the design of the legal framework for data utilization cannot be separated from the guidance of the constitutional law.Against the backdrop of market economy of Chinese characteristics,when handling data ownership,various government also involve their own interests.This further underscores the need for the constitutional law to intervene.Data ownership issues simultaneously involve the first and second order consensus in the constitutional law.Different positions in issues of data ownership can find support in the constitutional law's first order consensus system,but resolving the issue requires the full application of second order consensus to balance the demands of various stakeholders,and to establish a mutual possession system which promotes the acquisition and utilization of data.

关 键 词：数据确权 宪法共识 部门法 数字经济 数据利用 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]