法人对外为法律行为之机制论纲——若干基本概念的梳理  

A Theoretical Framework on the Mechanism of How Legal Persons Undertake Legal Transactions:Clarifying Several Basic Concepts

作　　者：张双根[1] ZHANG Shuanggen(Peking University Law School)

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院

出　　处：《法学家》2025年第2期81-97,193,194,共19页The Jurist

摘　　要：意思表示概念只能适用于自然人;法人意思表示一语,仅具描述意义,不构成一项法教义学概念,无法拆分为法人内部意思与外部表示。法人对外为法律行为的路径,只能借助代表或代理制度。法定代表之性质,宜采法定性机关代理说。我国法定代表制度的缺陷,在于代表机关与业务执行机关分设、代表权与业务执行权割裂。机关及职权合一理论,虽不能改变现行法机关分设的现状,但在法教义学上仍有助于界定法定代表权的范围,从而有助于理解法定代表权限制问题。至于《民法总则》创设并为《民法典》所承受的“职务代理”制度,并不是一项成功的立法设计,未来应被可能成形的类型化规则所取代。The concept of declaration of intent can only apply to natural persons.The term“declaration of intent by legal persons”only has descriptive significance and does not constitute a legal dogmatic concept;therefore,it cannot be split into internal intent and external declaration of the legal person.Legal persons can only undertake legal transactions through representation or agency mechanism.The nature of legal representation should be understood as statutory organ agency.The flaw in China's legal representation system lies in its separation of representative and executive organs,dividing representative and executive power.Although the theory of unity of organs and authorities cannot change the current legal status of organ separation,it still helps define the scope of legal representative power in legal dogmatics,thus facilitating the understanding of legal representative power restrictions.The“duty agency”system,first introduced in the General Provisions of Civil Law and later inherited by the Civil Code,is not a successful legislative design and should be replaced by potential typological rules in the future.

关 键 词：法人意思表示 拆分说 法定代表 机关代理 职务代理 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]