运气与正义  

Luck and Justice

作　　者：唐英英 Tang Yingying

机构地区：[1]深圳大学人文学院,广东深圳518060

出　　处：《文史哲》2025年第2期151-157,168,共8页Literature,History,and Philosophy

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“当代英美左翼分配理论研究”(17BZX081)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：运气平等主义是当代极富影响的左翼分配理论。根据这一理论,分配正义要“敏于选择和努力而钝于运气”,尽可能让选择和努力而不是运气来决定人们的生活前景。然而,运气平等主义的这一核心命题值得批评,“敏于选择和努力而钝于运气”只是正义分配的衍生结果,而不是相关社会安排的辩护理据。例如,就贡献与运气而言,在分配满足贡献量原则、共担原则以及难度原则的情况下,人们的收入水平往往较少受到运气因素的影响。但“钝于运气”只是正义的结果,而非推行相应分配安排的理据。可以说,混淆衍生结果和辩护理据是当代政治哲学探讨中常见的谬误,而运气平等主义陷入了这一谬误实由三个不当“诱因”造成,即承诺努力的内在价值、个人责任、理据的整合性。According to luck egalitarianism,in a just distributional arrangement,people’s life prospects are determined as far as possible by their choice and effort instead of luck.This paper argues that the luck egalitarian tenet is untenable.The ideal that luck egalitarians aspire to achieve is not a reason for the corresponding social arrangement,but the by-product of realizing some other values.For example,regarding the relation between contribution and justice,a distributional arrangement where all three of the principles based upon reciprocity,i.e.contribution quantity,burden-sharing,and difficulty-sensitivity,have been satisfied,people’s income and wealth tend to be less sensitive to all kinds of factors of luck.But this resulting fact is only the by-product of satisfying those three fundamental principles.This paper also points out that the confusion between justificatory reasons and by-product is one common fallacy that many political philosophers are committed to.What explains why luck egalitarians make this mistake might concern three deeper values that they inappropriately hold dear to,i.e.the intrinsic value of effort,individual responsibility,and the unification of reasons。

关 键 词：运气平等主义 贡献 回报 辩护理据 衍生结果 

分 类 号：R47[医药卫生—护理学]