自甘风险的适用困境与纾解之策——《民法典》1176条第1款的解释论  

Dilemmas in and Solutions to the Application of the Voluntary Assumption of Risk Rule:the Interpretive Theory of Article 1176(1)of the Civil Code

作　　者：何坦 HE Tan

机构地区：[1]长沙学院法学院,湖南长沙410000

出　　处：《湖南师范大学社会科学学报》2025年第2期131-140,共10页Journal of Social Science of Hunan Normal University

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“《民法典》适用视角下自冒风险规则的本土化研究”(21BFX073);湖南省哲学社会科学规划基金项目“民法典视域下自冒风险规则研究”(20YBQ005)。

摘　　要：《民法典》首次创设的自甘风险条款具有我国本土特色,应着力开展其解释论研究。当下通过耦合模式来认定自甘风险规则,具有割裂要件联系、僵化审判标准、混淆规则边界等弊端。自甘风险的适用应以判定文体活动性质为基础,构建体育领域交往安全义务,通过综合考量造成损害的风险行为性质,进而认定活动参与者对风险接受的自愿性。具体而言,判定合理风险,一方面推定受害人自愿接纳,另一方面排除造成风险者行为的违法性,从而确认自甘风险的适用;不合理风险的确认,意味着创设该风险者的行为应当被归责,就所致损害承担过错责任;倘若受害人对不合理风险已有认知且自愿参与,则属责任抗辩事由,由比较过失规则调整。HE Tan;The voluntary assumption of risk provision created for the first time in the Civil Code has local characteristics and its interpretative study should be emphasized.The current approach of applying the voluntary assumption of risk rule through the coupling model presents several drawbacks,including disrupting the logical connection between legal elements,rigidifying adjudicative standards,and obscuring the boundaries of legal rules.The voluntary assumption of risk rule should be applied based on the nature of sports and recreational activities.It is essential to establish safety obligations for interactions in the sports domain and carefully assess the nature of the risky behavior that caused harm.This approach ensures a proper determination of whether the participant voluntarily accepts the risk.If a risk is deemed unreasonable,the person who creates it must take responsibility for their actions and bear fault-based liability for any harm caused.However,if the victim knew about the risk and willingly accepted it,this can serve as a defense to liability,subject to adjustment under the comparative negligence rule.

关 键 词：自甘风险 体育交往安全义务 合理风险 比较过失 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]