《营造法式》大木作用材数值的设计复原  

A Study on the Formation of Eight-Grades Values in Yingzao Fashi

作　　者：袁怡雅 YUAN Yiya

机构地区：[1]北京大学考古文博学院

出　　处：《建筑史学刊》2025年第1期151-160,共10页Journal of Architectural History

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“两宋建筑史料编年研究”(19ZDA199)。

摘　　要：崇宁本《营造法式》通过引入变造用材制度,使大木作制度、功限、料例三方面借由比例关系相互关联,也使估功算料的工作具有普适性和准确性。材份制是变造用材制度的核心,八等级用材数值因此具有结构与运算的重要意义,但其数理构成方式尚未达成共识。研究尝试从估功算料的角度对《营造法式》大木作用材数值进行一种可能的设计过程复原,在分析《营造法式》文本、重修《营造法式》前木构建筑实例用材情况的基础上,结合《营造法式》的编修背景和目的,复原了大木作用材等级数量与匹配关系设计、截面比例与份值设定、功限基准材等级与尺寸设定、八等级用材的数值比例设计。认为《营造法式》大木作用材数值是以当时各类建筑用材的经验取值区间为基础,以提高估算功料的效率为目的,以第六等材为基准材,运用数字比例分组设计的结果。Yingzao Fashi(A Treatise on the Construction Methods)introduces an ingenious adaptable building system that leverages the application of cai(carpentry system of measurement).This system seamlessly integrates architecture design,work limits,and rules for material usage in timber structures through meticulously crafted proportional relationships.This integration facilitates universal and precise budget management.Within this adaptable framework,eight grades of the cai-fen modular system hold significant structural and computational importance.However,the specific values assigned to these grades remain somewhat enigmatic,lacking a widely accepted explanation.This paper endeavors to analyze these designs within Yingzao Fashi from the perspective of budget management.It delves into grade standards of buildings,the numerical relationship between fen and cai,the choice of sixth grade as a benchmark,and the proportional relationships among the various grades.By examining the text of Yingzao Fashi,the surviving buildings in that era,and the editing background and purpose of the document,the paper concludes that these designs are deeply rooted in the practical building knowledge of the time.Furthermore,they are specifically tailored to meet the need for convenient computation,thereby enhancing the effectiveness of budget management.

关 键 词：《营造法式》 大木作制度 材份制 基准材 八等级用材数值 

分 类 号：TU-092[建筑科学—建筑理论]