唐代“造祅书祅言”罪探析  

The Discussion on the Crime of“Composing Heretical Books and Uttering Heretical Words”in the Tang Dynasty

作　　者：夏丽梅[1] XIA Li-mei(School of History,Qinghai Normal University,Xining 810016,China)

机构地区：[1]青海师范大学历史学院,青海西宁810016

出　　处：《青海师范大学学报(社会科学版)》2024年第6期101-109,共9页Journal of Qinghai Normal University(Social Sciences)

摘　　要：“祅”字同“妖”。“祅言”是指假藉怪力鬼神,妄说吉凶,诡议祸福的言论,祅言集为文字,则成为“祅书”。历史上的谋反大逆行为,多以“祅书”“祅言”作为舆论工具,故为统治者所深恶痛绝。秦汉时期祅言与诽谤之间界限尚不清晰,唐代将“造祅书祅言”行为定为一项罪名纳入《贼盗律》中,并多次颁发诏敕,责令各级官员加强对“祅书”“祅言”的防范与纠察。唐以后的历朝法典中,均保留此律条。明清律条中都将“祅”字写作“妖”字,且加重了刑罚等级。通过“造祅书祅言”罪的相关律条规定,以及对“祅书”“祅言”罪的司法判例可以看出:对于绝大多数案犯的惩处,都采取了加重处罚的方式。因为“祅书”“祅言”最易煽惑人心,制造混乱,乃至威胁皇权、颠覆统治,是封建统治者决不能容忍的。对祅言罪的裁定往往具有强烈的主观性,同时在定罪量刑上也更重。这是由封建君主专制的政治体制决定的,旨在加强舆论控制,进一步维护君主的政治权威和专制统治。The character“祅”is the same as“妖”(meaning heresy or superstition).“Heretical words”refer to remarks that falsely rely on supernatural forces,ghosts and gods,recklessly predict good or bad fortune,and presumptuously discuss weal and woe.When heretical words are collected into written form,they become“heretical books”.In history,many acts of plotting rebellion and high treason took“heretical books”and“heretical words”as public opinion tools,so they were deeply hated by the rulers.During the Qin and Han dynasties,the boundary between heretical words and slander was not yet clear.In the Tang Dynasty,“composing heretical books and uttering heretical words”was included as a crime in the“Laws on Robbery and Theft”,and imperial edicts were issued many times,ordering officials at all levels to strengthen the prevention and supervision of“heretical books”and“heretical words”.In the legal codes of successive dynasties after the Tang Dynasty,this legal provision was retained.In the laws of the Ming and Qing dynasties,it was written as“composing heretical books and uttering heretical words”,and the penalty levels were increased.Through the relevant legal provisions on the crime of“composing heretical books and uttering heretical words”and the judicial precedents of the crimes of“heretical books”and“heretical words”,it can be seen that for the vast majority of offenders,the rulers adopted the way of increasing penalties.“Heretical books”and“heretical words”are most likely to incite people,create chaos,and even threaten imperial power and subvert the rule,which was absolutely intolerable for feudal rulers.The judgment of the crime of heretical words often had a strong subjectivity,and the sentencing was also heavier.This was determined by the political system of feudal autocracy,aiming to strengthen the control of public opinion and further safeguard the political authority and autocratic rule of the monarch.

关 键 词：唐代 祅言 祅书 《唐律疏议》 

分 类 号：K242[历史地理—历史学]