论NFT数字资产的权利属性——以“权利束”范式为进路  

On the rights attributes of NFT digital assets:Approaching through the“bundle of rights”paradigm

作　　者：宋红松[1] 于津梓 SONG Hongsong;YU Jinzi(Law School,Yantai University,Yantai 264005,China)

机构地区：[1]烟台大学法学院,山东烟台264005

出　　处：《重庆邮电大学学报(社会科学版)》2025年第2期65-75,共11页Journal of Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications(Social Science Edition)

基　　金：山东省社会科学规划平安山东法治山东建设研究专项:数据产权构建的反不正当竞争法路径(22CFZJ45)。

摘　　要：非同质化通证(NFT)数字资产的定义应当能够描述其不可分割性、唯一性和可交易性等特征。NFT数字资产是一个要素互相联系的技术系统,可被准确定义为元数据文件所描述和链接的、在智能合约中存有其权属信息和token ID的数字媒体文件。由于NFT数字资产在学界缺乏统一的概念基础,而传统客体范式以明确且统一的客体概念为前提,故而其难以分析NFT数字资产的权利属性。“权利束”范式为分析NFT数字资产的权利属性提供了新的进路,其以法律关系作为分析的逻辑起点,避免了传统客体范式中对客体单一性、不变性的不当假设。NFT数字资产交易的法律关系复杂且多变,其性质取决于具体的平台协议、智能合约的设置以及交易双方的意思表示,并决定了NFT数字资产作为交易对象时的权利属性。分析NFT数字资产交易的法律关系可知,交易对象的权利属性无法被任何已有的单一法定权利完全涵盖。故此,应当采用更为精确的霍菲尔德术语对其进行描述。借助“权利束”范式分析可知,NFT数字资产的权利内容至少应当包括在平台服务器中存储、访问与复制数字媒体文件的特权,也包括请求平台提供数字媒体文件的存储、访问服务与禁止他人非法获取数字媒体文件的权利,以及在区块链上改变NFT数字资产归属关系的权力。NFT数字资产的权利属性既包含债权、著作权许可性质,也包含数据权益。The definition of non-fungible token(NFT)digital assets should be able to describe their indivisibility,uniqueness,and tradability.NFT digital assets are an interrelated technical system,which can be accurately defined as digital media files described and linked by metadata files,with their ownership information and token ID stored in smart contracts.Due to the lack of a unified conceptual basis for NFT digital assets in academia,and the fact that the traditional object paradigm is based on a clear and unified concept of the object,it is difficult to analyze the property rights of NFT digital assets.The“bundle of rights”paradigm provides a new approach to analyzing the property rights of NFT digital assets,starting with legal relationships as the logical basis and avoiding the improper assumptions of singularity and immutability of the object in the traditional object paradigm.The legal relationships of NFT digital asset transactions are complex and variable,and their nature depends on specific platform agreements,the settings of smart contracts,and the intentions of the transacting parties,which determine the property rights of NFT digital assets as the object of transactions.Analysis of the legal relationships of NFT digital asset transactions shows that the property rights of the transaction object cannot be fully covered by any existing single statutory right.Therefore,the more precise Hohfeldian terms should be used to describe it.With the help of the“bundle of rights”paradigm,it can be seen that the rights of NFT digital assets should at least include the privilege of storing,accessing,and copying digital media files in the platform server,as well as the right to request the platform to provide storage and access services for digital media files and to prohibit others from illegally obtaining digital media files,and the power to change the ownership relationship of NFT digital assets on the blockchain.The property rights of NFT digital assets include both creditor’s rights and copyright licensing

关 键 词：NFT数字资产 权利束 霍菲尔德 区块链 权利属性 

分 类 号：D913[政治法律—民商法学]