乡约与清中后期山西差徭征派的变动  

Community Compacts (Xiangyue) and the Evolution of Corvée Levy in Shanxi during the Middle and Late Qing Dynasty

作　　者：王超宇 WANG Chaoyu(Institute of Modern Chinese History,Central China Normal University)

机构地区：[1]华中师范大学中国近代史研究所,武汉430079

出　　处：《清史研究》2025年第2期65-77,共13页The Qing History Journal

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务费资助(创新资助项目)“清代以降华北乡村公共制度与基层治理嬗变”(2022CXZZ024)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：康熙“永不加赋”政策提出后,山西各地差徭未能尽除,反而在清中后期愈发繁冗,成为正供之外的负担。多数有驿州县为克服里甲轮役的宿弊,以保甲村牌划定各村支差负担,并建立起统辖村落的应役单位“约”,乡约成为管理差徭的职役人员。由于缺乏定额化的约束,乡约、胥吏的侵渔屡禁不止。光绪丁戊奇荒后,山西开展差徭改革,促进其定额化、税收化,乡约办差逐渐成为故事。乡约办差的兴替、重组、嬗蜕展现了近代中国构建基层行政系统的内生性动力,同时表明,村落如何被有效组织起来,正是彼时国家权力逐步向乡村渗透的关键。After the policy of “no tax increases” was proposed during the Kangxi reign,the corvée in Shanxi Province could not be eliminated.During the middle and late Qing dynasty,the corvée increased continuously,becoming more burdensome than the tax.To overcome the longstanding problem of labor rotation in the li-jia system,the counties used the baojia to distribute the burden of corvée in the villages and established a unit “Yue” to govern the villages.Community compacts (xiangyue) became the official personnel for managing corvee.Due to the lack of quota regulations,it was difficult to stop the encroachment of the community compacts and clerks.After the Ding-Wu famine,Shanxi carried out the reform of corvée,which promoted the quota and taxation of corvée,and the corvée levy of community compacts gradually disappeared.The evolution of community compacts shows the endogenous driving force in the construction of the grassroots administrative system in modern China.At the same time,it showed that the villages were effectively organized as the key to the gradual penetration of state power at the grass roots level during the Qing Dynasty.

关 键 词：清代 山西 差徭 乡约 村落 

分 类 号：K252[历史地理—历史学]