宋朝通用语言文字史论考  

The History of Common Language in Song Dynasty

作　　者：王启涛[1,2,3,4,5,6,7] Wang Qitao

机构地区：[1]西南民族大学中国语言文学学院 [2]中国民族古文字研究会 [3]中国文字学会 [4]中国民族史学会 [5]全国高等学校文科学报研究会 [6]西南民族大学藏羌彝文化研究院 [7]西南民族大学敦煌吐鲁番文献研究所

出　　处：《中国语言学研究》2024年第2期214-314,2-321-322,共104页Journal of Studies on Languages in China

基　　金：2022年度国家语委“十四五”科研规划项目“中国通用语言文字史研究”(WT145-16);2021年教育部“新文科研究与改革实践”项目“国家通用语言文字推广背景下,民族高校中国语言文学新文科跨学科课程与实验班建设实践”阶段性研究成果

摘　　要：本文从八个方面论述宋朝通用语言文字状况:一、官方对通用语言文字经典的校勘;二、中州方言的“官语”权威地位;三、诗赋取士——官韵背后的南北音博弈;四、从《广韵》到《礼部韵略》;五、从《礼部韵略》到《集韵》——兼论科举所用字书官韵的儒学化与规范化;六、从《切韵》音到华夏古音、宋朝今音;七、宋朝行政、外交、法律、书信视角的宋代通用口语;八、从宋词到宋代词科。宋朝与其他朝代一样,《切韵》系韵书在科举考试中占有权威地位,但是《切韵》系韵书并不是铁板一块,也对时音有所兼顾。而宋词更多是按照时音来押韵,主要是按照以汴洛为代表的标准音来押韵。宋朝的通用语言至少可以分为三个层次:通用书面语—文言文、科举标准音—《切韵》音、官语—汴洛话。毫无疑问,宋朝的文言文与汉唐的文言文不一样,它不可避免地渗透进来当时的白话口语成分,尤其是以汴洛话为基础方言的官语成分,而科举标准音——《切韵》音也不可避免地体现时音,尤其是以汴洛音为代表的官音成分。宋代还有一些白话文献,也体现了当时的官语色彩或方言色彩。而宋朝的“汉儿言语”,更多的是北方兄弟民族(母语非汉语)使用汉语的一种民族变体,是北方兄弟民族的一种族际通用语。This paper discusses the general language situation of the Song Dynasty from eight aspects:First,the official collation of the general language classics;second,the authoritative status of the official language of the Zhongzhou dialect;third,The game of north and south accents behind the poetry and official rhyme;fourth,the content from Guangyun(广韵)to Libu Yunlue(礼部韵略);fifth,from Libu Yunlue(礼部韵略)to Jiyun(集韵)-Confucianization and standardization of the official words used in the imperial examination;sixth,the language from Qieyun(切韵)to cathay Dynasty to Song Dynasty;seventh,Song Dynasty general spoken language from administration,diplomacy,law and letters;and eighth,from the Song lyrics to lyric subjects.The article points out that the Qieyun(切韵)occupies an authoritative position in the imperial examination in Song Dynasty,which is similar to other dynasties,but it is not just this part,it also takes into account the common language.However,Song lyrics rhymes mainly based on the standard tone represented by Bianluo.The common language of the Song Dynasty can be divided into at least three levels:the common written language-classical Chinese,the standard language of the imperial examination-Qieyun(切韵),and the official language-Bianluo dialect.There is no doubt that the classical Chinese of the Song Dynasty is different from the Han and Tang Dynasties.It inevitably penetrated into the spoken elements of the vernacular at that time,especially the official language components based on the Bianluo dialect,and the language of Qieyun(切韵)also inevitably reflects the using language at that time,especially the official language represented by Bianluo.There are also some vernacular documents in the Song Dynasty,which also reflected the official language or dialect color at that time,while the Han’er language of the Song Dynasty is more of a national variant of the Chinese language used by the northern adjacent people,and is an inter-ethnic common language of the northern people.

关 键 词：宋朝 通用语言 通用文字 

分 类 号：K244[历史地理—历史学] H1-09[历史地理—中国史]