全本《音义便考》与16世纪南京话声母系统  

The Initial consonant System of Nanjing Dialect in the 16th Century Recorded in the Complete Text of YinyiBiankao

作　　者：封传兵[1,2] Feng Chuanbing

机构地区：[1]湖南理工学院文学院 [2]湖南师范大学

出　　处：《中国语言学研究》2024年第2期37-49,316-317,共15页Journal of Studies on Languages in China

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“日藏李登珍本韵书及相关文献与16世纪南京语音演变研究”(17CYY027)、国家社会科学基金重大招标项目“汉语等韵学著作集成、数据库建设及系列专题研究”(17ZDA302)、“东亚汉字文化圈《切韵》文献集成与研究”(19ZDA316)、“《洪武正韵》系韵书与明代字书比较研究及数据挖掘分析”(21&ZD298)、国家社会科学基金重点项目“基于数据挖掘的《切韵》系韵书微观比较及方法论”(19AYY015)等项目支持;湖南省哲学社会科学基金一般项目“《楚辞》文献多文本比较与疑难字词注音释义研究”(19YBA173);湖南省教育厅重点科研项目“《楚辞》异文比较及历史层次研究”(21A0394)

摘　　要：本文以京都大学所藏全本李登《音义便考》为研究对象,考察16世纪南京话的声母系统。《音义便考》平仄两套字母体系的独特设计蕴含着浊音清化、平分阴阳的本质。与中古《切韵》音系相较,《音义便考》21声母系统体现了全浊音声母消失,非敷奉合流及微母独立,影云以合流及疑母独立,知庄章三组声母合流,少数庄组字读入精组,知庄组二等字可以拼细音,遇摄庄组与知章组分立,见晓组细音字可能已经颚化,精组细音尚未颚化,见精两组声母不混,能够区分尖团,精清心泥来五母后存在洪细对立等重要音变特征。从16世纪南京话21声母的音韵结构到现代南京话21声母的语音格局,中间经历了许多音变细节,其中最大的变化是泥来n、l两母混同,微母v、疑母?消失,更大范围的庄组字读同精组,牙喉音见晓组颚化声母■完全独立。而新派南京话更是受到普通话的强势影响,精组细音字也进一步颚化,与见晓组细音字发生合流,不再区分尖团音。This paper investigates the initial consonant system of Nanjing dialect in the 16th century based on the complete text of YinyiBiankao of Li Deng,which is a complete book collected by Kyoto University.The two sets of consonant systems of flat tone and flat tone contain such an essence that the fully voiced consonants are cleared,and flat tone is differentiated into yin-ping and yang-ping.Compared with the phonology of Qieyun in medieval times,it features mainly for:full-voiced initials disappears;the combinations of initials of fei,fu,and feng,and the independent wei;the interflow of ying,yun,and yi initial,and the independent yi;the flowing-together of initials of Zhi group,Zhuang group and Zhang group,and a few characters of Zhuang group initials mixed with Jing group;the second class characters of Zhi and Zhuang groups can be spelled with fine pronunciation;there is a difference in pronunciation between the characters of the Zhuang group and the Zhi-Zhang group in yu-she;palatalization of Jian group in fine-sound,but not mixing with Jing group capable of distinguishing between Sharp initials and Round initials.From the phonological structure of the 21 initials of Nanjing in the 16th century to the phonetic pattern of the 21 initials modern Nanjing dialect,many details of the sound changes in the evolution of modern Chinese are recorded.The main change in the initials system was the merging of the two initial consonants of Ni and lai;the disappearance of the initials Wei and Yi;a larger range of characters of Zhuang group initials mixed with Jing group;the palatalized initialsʨ,ʨh,ɕis completely independent.The new Nanjing dialect is strongly influenced by Putonghua,and the fine tone words of the fine group are further palatalized,merging with the fine tone of the Jianxiao group,regardless of the sharp group.

关 键 词：李登 《音义便考》 南京话 声母系统 语音特征 

分 类 号：H172.4[语言文字—汉语]