WTO争端解决机构遵循先例的定性与价值澄清——兼论临时上诉仲裁裁决的先例价值之证成  

Determination of the Nature of“Citing Precedents”and Clarification of the Value of It by WTO Dispute Settlement Bodies——Demonstration of the Precedential Value of the Award in MPIA

作　　者：高岚君[1] 杨亚杰 Gao Lanjun;Yang Yajie

机构地区：[1]辽宁大学法学院

出　　处：《盛京法律评论》2023年第2期111-131,共21页Shengjing Law Review

基　　金：2022年度辽宁大学亚洲研究中心亚洲问题研究项目“全球治理中塑造可信、可爱、可敬的国家形象之路径探析”(Y202210)的阶段成果

摘　　要：近年来,美国多次采取向WTO(世界贸易组织)提交声明或通过国内有关机构发布报告等方式来表达对争端解决机制的不满,而争端解决机构“事实上的遵循先例”之做法就是USTR(美国贸易代表)《上诉机构报告》中的主要指责内容。其中,美国认为遵循先例已然构成“越权”行为,乃至“司法造法”,这是WTO规则体系所明确禁止的。但是,遵循先例之做法仍属于对协定的文本的“澄清”,其本质是追求对条约解释的“判理稳定性”,并未“逾越”《争端解决谅解》等协定的要求。另外,争端解决机构遵循先例的做法,不仅能够维护WTO体制可靠性和可预测性,更进一步阐释了其自身具有司法公正、司法平等的价值内涵。因此,《多方临时上诉仲裁安排》达成以来,代替上诉机构的仲裁庭在作出裁决时,应继续肯定并遵循先例,以此保持裁决的一致性和稳定性。而在此基础上,临时上诉仲裁机制的裁决也就具备了先例价值,这为未来上诉机构程序恢复后如何有效衔接两个机制提供了解决思路。In recent years,the United States has repeatedly expressed its dissatisfaction with the dispute settlement mechanism(DSM)by submitting statements to the WTO or issuing reports through relevant domestic institutions.For example,USTR's Report on the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization has one of main accusations that the practice of“de facto stare decisis”by the Dispute Settlement Body(DSB).The U.S.accuses that the practice already constitutes overreaching authority,even judicial making law,which is clearly prohibited by the WTO rules system.However,“Citing Precedents”by the DSB is the act of clarifying of the text of the agreement and not overstepping the Dispute Settlement Understanding(DSU),in the nature of pursuing jurisprudence constante by treaty interpretation.In addition,“Citing Precedents”not only preserves the reliability and predictability of the WTO system,but also illustrates its own nature value of judicial impartiality and equality further.Therefore,since the conclusion of Multi-Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Agreement Pursuant to Article 25 of the DSU(MPIA),the arbitral tribunal replacing the appellate body shall continue to affirm and cite precedents when making decisions,so as to maintain the consistency and stability of it.And on top of that,the arbitration awards of the MPIA have formed precedential value,which also provides a solution for how to effectively connect the two mechanisms after the rebuilding of the appellate body procedure in the future.

关 键 词：遵循先例 先例价值 判理稳定性 临时上诉仲裁裁决 

分 类 号：D996.1[政治法律—经济法学]