从文殊到观音:五台山金阁寺菩萨信仰考论  

From Manjusri to Avalokitesvara:The study On the Belief of Bodhisattva in Jin-ge Temple of Mount Wutai

作　　者：景天星 Jing Tianxing(Institute of Religion,Shaanxi Academy of Social Sciences)

机构地区：[1]陕西省社会科学院宗教研究所

出　　处：《普陀学刊》2024年第1期126-139,324-325,共16页

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“中国佛教方志研究与数据库建设”(20&ZD260)子课题“魏晋至宋元佛教方志研究”;西安市社会科学规划基金重点项目“隋唐长安佛寺地理研究”(22YZ13)阶段性成果

摘　　要：五台山金阁寺始建于唐代,在建构唐密道场和镇国道场的进程中,形成以文殊信仰为中心的格局。唐武宗会昌法难时,金阁寺毁于一旦。历宋元,至明嘉靖时期再恢复为一大道场,不同的是,复建时由代王供养铸造千手观音铜像,遂演变成一座以观音信仰为中心的道场。从唐代尊崇文殊,到明代造立观音,显示了金阁寺菩萨信仰之转向。影响这一转向的因素,主要有四:其一,从历史来看,在五台山佛教历史上,虽以文殊信仰为主,但也有观音信仰的因素;第二,从社会来看,自宋代以来,在民俗佛教发展的基础上,观音信仰深入民间社会,影响广泛;其三,从政治来看,皇家对观音信仰的关注也是十分重要的一个因素;其四,从理论来看,文殊主智慧,观音主慈悲,“悲智双运”也是应当考虑的一大因素。The Jin-ge Temple of Mount Wutai was built in the Tang Dynasty.In the process of building the Tang tantra Bodhimanda(道场)and the Protecting the country's Bodhimanda,a pattern centered on the belief of Manjusri was formed.During Huichang period of Emperor Wuzong of Tang Dynasty,the Jin-ge Temple was destroyed in an instant.Through the Song and Yuan dynasties,and until the Jiajing period of the Qing Dynasty,it was once again restored to a grand Bodhimanda.The difference is that a Thousand-hand Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva bronze statue was provided and cast by the family of Prince Dai during the restoration,thus becoming a temple centered around the belief in Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva.From the worship of Manjusriduring the Tang Dynasty to the establishment of Avalokitesvara Statue in the Ming Dynasty,it demonstrated an important shift in the Bodhisattva belief in Jin-ge Temple.There are four main factors influencing this direction of change.First of all,from a historical point of view,although Manjusri belief is the main belief in the history of Mount Wutai Buddhism,there are also factors of Avalokitesvara belief.Secondly,from a societal perspective,since the Song Dynasty,on the basis of the development of folk Buddhism,the belief of Avalokitesvara has penetrated into civil society and had a wide influence.Thirdly,from a political perspective,the royal attention to the belief of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva is also a very important factor.Fourthly,from a theoretical perspective,Manjusri Bodhisattva symbolizes wisdom,Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva symbolizes compassion,and“Loving Kindness&Wisdom”should also be considered as a major factor.

关 键 词：五台山 普陀山 金阁寺 文殊信仰 观音信仰 悲智双运 

分 类 号：B948[哲学宗教—宗教学]