缔约中第三人责任的类型及其整合  

Types of Third-Party Liability in Contract Formation and Integration

作　　者：谢鸿飞[1] XIE Hongfei

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院法学研究所

出　　处：《暨南学报(哲学社会科学版)》2025年第1期77-96,共20页Jinan Journal(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“民法典实质债法规范体系研究”(22AFX015)。

摘　　要：第三人介入他人缔约致损且具有归责基础时,通常可配置侵权责任或缔约过失责任。《民法典》合同编司法解释第5条主旨为“合同订立中的第三人责任”,颇具中国特色。其目的是确定第三人欺诈和胁迫时的责任承担,其性质均为侵害人身自由的侵权责任。该条并未纳入因第三人过错促成合同成立的行为,尤其是第三人过失提供不当信息的行为。我国法有必要建构完整的第三人介入合同行为的责任规则,还应规定第三人因过失促成合同订立导致缔约一方受损时的责任承担。这主要见于第三人赋予缔约方特别的、高度的、可期待的信赖之情形,包括信赖第三人的品行、经济实力、专业和经验等。第三人因过失提供不实信息促成合同成立的,在符合严格的责任成立要件时,应承担相应责任。我国第三人缔约过失责任应做两方面的理论革新。一是着眼于受害人的意思形成自由而非其经济损失,第三人不当介入他人缔约的行为均剥夺或干扰了绝对权,理论上可用侵权责任统一缔约中的第三人责任。二是改变既有的基于责任的结果思维,而着眼于行为导向,第三人缔约过失行为同时发生合同法和侵权责任法上的效力,应兼用侵权责任和缔约过失责任。When a third party s intervention in the contractual negotiation process causes damage to others and meets the criteria for imputation,such liability may generally be attributed to either tort liability or culpa in contrahendo(pre-contractual liability).Article 5 of the Judicial Interpretation of the Contract Section of the Civil Code,titled“Third-Party Liability in Contract Formation”,embodies distinct Chinese characteristics.Its purpose is to determine liability for third-party fraud or coercion,both of which constitute tortious acts infringing on personal freedom.This can be justified through two approaches:the third party s infringement of the victim s absolute rights,or intentional violations of others rights and interests through methods contrary to public morals.A third party s undue influence on contractual negotiations may qualify as a tort.Consequently,even if the victim fails to rescind the contract within the prescriptive period,they may still seek compensation by claiming tort liability against the third party.However,the provision does not address scenarios where a third party negligently facilitates contract formation,particularly through the provision of false information.Chinese laws should establish a comprehensive framework for third-party liability in contractual negotiations,including liability for negligent acts by third parties that lead to damages for one party during contract formation.This applies primarily in cases where the contracting party places special,highly,and justifiable reliance on the third party,such as trust in the third party s integrity,financial capacity,professional expertise,or experience.If a third party negligently provides false information that induces contract formation,and such conduct satisfies the elements of culpa in contrahendo-specifically,if it generates reasonable reliance by the contracting party,materially influences their decision-making,and lacks exculpatory clauses-the third party should bear liability.Theoretically,deriving economic benefit shoul

关 键 词：合同订立中的第三人责任 第三人缔约过失责任 第三人欺诈和胁迫 《民法典》第500条 《民法典》第157条 

分 类 号：D9[政治法律—法学]