新《公司法》第88条第1款溯及适用的是与非  

The Retroactive Application of Article 88,Paragraph 1 of China's new Company Law:Right or Wrong

作　　者：张素华[1] 李凯 ZHANG Su-hua;LI Kai(School of Law,Wuhan University,Wuhan 430072,China)

机构地区：[1]武汉大学法学院,湖北武汉430072

出　　处：《河北法学》2025年第6期27-45,共19页Hebei Law Science

基　　金：2021年国家社会科学基金一般项目“《民法典》的溯及力研究”(21BFX016);2024年国家社会科学基金研究阐释党的二十届三中全会精神重大专项“数据产权归属认定、市场交易、权益分配、利益保护四位一体的制度构建研究”(24ZDA025)的成果。

摘　　要：《立法法》第104条确立的“有利溯及”在私法领域存在适用的模糊性和不确定性。不同于公法,私法所涉利益具有双向性,此消彼长,不能单从一方的合法权益判断“有利”与否。私法领域比公法领域溯及适用更为普遍。私法中的“有利溯及”应以“有利于实现立法目的”为标准。依“有利于实现立法目的”来判断私法溯及力应当受到比例原则的限制,审查程序为包含目的正当性、适当性、必要性与狭义比例原则的四阶审查程序,只有满足前一阶标准方可步入后一阶审查当中,遵循“存疑时不溯及”。新《公司法》第88条第1款确立的债权人优先保护的立法目的具有正当性,且有利于维持公司资本充实和促进裁判尺度的统一,不会明显背离当事人合理预期,亦不会明显减损当事人合法权益,应当予以溯及适用。《批复》“一刀切”的做法可能会损及司法权威,导致法律适用的僵化,不利于公司债权人的保护。The"favourable retroactivity"established in article 104 of the Legislation Act is subject to ambiguity and uncertainty in its application in the field of private law.Unlike public law,the interests involved in private law are bi-directional in nature and cannot be judged"favourably"or unfavourably by the legitimate interests of one party alone.Retroactive application is more common in private law than in public law.The criterion for"favourable retroactivity"in private law should be"conducive to the achievement of the legislative intent".Judging the retroactivity of private law on the basis of"conducive to the achievement of the legislative purpose"should be restricted by the principle of proportionality,and the review procedure is a four-stage review procedure containing the principles of justification of purpose,appropriateness,necessity,and proportionality in the narrower sense,and only when the criteria of the former stage are fulfilled shall it be possible to proceed to the latter stage of the review,which is in accordance with the principle of"no retroactivity in case of doubt".The legislative purpose of preferential protection of creditors established in Article 88(1)of the new Company Law is justified and conducive to the maintenance of the company's capitalisation and the promotion of uniformity in adjudication standards,and will not obviously deviate from the reasonable expectations of the parties concerned,nor will it obviously derogate from the legitimate rights and interests of the parties concerned,and shall be applied retrospectively.The"one-size-fits-all"approach of the Reply may undermine judicial authority and lead to rigidity in the application of the law,to the detriment of the protection of company creditors.

关 键 词：私法溯及力 有利溯及 空白溯及 立法目的 比例原则 

分 类 号：DF411.91[政治法律—经济法学]