1789年《司法法》与美国早期联邦政府的构建  

The Judiciary Act of 1789 and the Building of the Federal Government in Early America

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作  者:梁红光[1] Liang Hongguang

机构地区:[1]陕西师范大学历史文化学院

出  处:《世界历史评论》2025年第1期155-181,295,共28页The World History Review

基  金:国家社会科学基金西部项目“美国早期州政府的创建与运作研究”(项目编号:19XSS002)的阶段性成果。

摘  要:在构建全国性政府的历史语境下,美国建国者制定1789年《司法法》,以创设全国司法机构并界定其管辖权。美国建国者抱持的多种主张反映了他们对全国性政府存在和运作的考虑、对州法院的认知、对人民权益的关切以及对现实经济利益的考量等。经过激烈的讨论和竞争,他们设置了独立于州法院的完整的联邦法院系统,将联邦宪法列示的司法权分为联邦专属管辖权和联邦与州共享管辖权。1789年《司法法》的制定表明,美国建国者没有也不可能建立废除各州的集权政府,而是借鉴集权政府的制度要素,在组织机构和权力划分与行使等重要方面,对邦联国会进行改造,构建了运行至今但不断演变的联邦政府。In the historical context of building a national government,the American founders enacted the Judiciary Act of 1789 to create a national judiciary and define its jurisdiction.The various ideas held by the founders reflected their consideration of the existence and operation of a national government,their cognition of state courts,their concern for the rights of the people,and their consideration of economic interests.After intense debate and competition,they set up a complete federal court system independent of state courts,dividing the judicial power listed in the Federal Constitution into exclusive federal jurisdiction and shared federal and state jurisdiction.The enactment of the Judicial Act of 1789 shows that the founders did not and could not establish a consolidated government which abolishing the states,but learned from the institutional elements of the consolidated government,reformed the Confederate Congress in important aspects such as organizational structure and power division and exercise,and constructed the federal government that has been operating until now but has been evolving.

关 键 词:美国早期 邦联国会 联邦政府 联邦法院系统 联邦司法权 

分 类 号:D90[政治法律—法学理论]

 

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