“缓解不确定性”:美国城市公交信托基金与1970年《公交法》  

“Relieving Uncertainties”:American Urban Mass Transportation Trust Fund and Mass Transit Act of 1970

作　　者：宋晨 Song Chen

机构地区：[1]山西大学历史文化学院

出　　处：《世界历史评论》2025年第1期182-199,295,共19页The World History Review

摘　　要：1956年《州际公路法》开启了美国联邦政府大规模资助公路建设的进程,其中“公路信托基金”的设立发挥了重大作用,确保公路建设获得长期稳定的资助。相比之下,尽管1964年《公交法》也为联邦资助公交行业开了先河,但起初联邦公交资助是短期的,充满了不确定性。正是在这一背景下,支持公交发展的交通部官员借鉴“公路信托基金”的模式,发起了一场创设“城市公交信托基金”的立法行动,在整合不同利益集团后形成的公交游说联盟在国会产生了巨大影响力。虽然由于财政保守派的阻挠,公交信托基金未能最终出现在1970年《公交法》中,但该法通过合同授权的方式确立了联邦政府长期大规模资助公交的模式,也为1973年《公路法》击碎“公路信托基金”埋下了伏笔。The Interstate Highway Act of 1956 initiated the process of federal mass funding in highway construction,under which the creation of Highway Trust Fund played an important role in ensuring long-term and stable funding for highway construction.By contrast,the Urban Transit Act of 1964 also set the stage for federal funding of the transit industry,but federal funding was initially short-term and uncertain.Under this context,pro-transit DOT officials had launched a legislative action to create an Urban Mass Transportation Trust Fund based on the“Highway Trust Fund”,and the transit lobbying coalition formed after integrating different interest groups has exerted great influence in Congress.Though the Transit Trust Fund did not eventually appear in the Transit Act of 1970,due to the obstruction of fiscal conservatives,the law established a long-term model of federal massive transit funding by contract authority,and also set the stage for the Highway Act of 1973 to bust the Highway Trust Fund.

关 键 词：联邦援助公交计划 城市公交信托基金 合同授权 1970年《公交法》 

分 类 号：D912.29[政治法律—民商法学]