防卫行为“明显超过必要限度”司法判断的新思路——“法益类型区分说”之提倡  

New Approaches to Judicial Determination of'Clearly Exceeding Necessary Limits'the Act of Defense

作　　者：庄绪龙 ZHUANG Xulong

机构地区：[1]苏州大学王健法学院暨公法研究中心

出　　处：《法治研究》2025年第2期18-31,共14页Research on Rule of Law

基　　金：江苏高校青蓝工程与苏州大学仲英青年学者项目阶段性成果。

摘　　要：防卫行为性质以及“明显超过必要限度”的司法判断,至今仍然存在较大争议。基本相适应说、必需说以及适当说虽各有侧重,但在实质上可以统一纳入“法益衡量”的抽象视域。基本相适应说理论中的“法定刑比较说”观点作为“法益衡量”的重要参考系数,虽具备实定法上的客观基础,但却在刑罚体系上不能自洽,还可能会人为弱化正当防卫的特殊价值。“法益衡量”根据存在周延性不足、条件局限、实践困境等弊端,也不能成为防卫行为性质判断的统一基准。按照功能性类型区分的思路,法益可以分为同质法益和异质法益两种类型。在法益类型区分基础上,关于防卫行为是否“明显超过必要限度”,对于同质法益而言,规范分析和比较权衡的路径基本可行,依据客观损害程度直接比较判断即可;但对于异质法益类型,由于不法侵害行为所制造的侵害结果和防卫行为造成的损害后果之间并无统一的比较基础,单纯规范分析视角的“法益衡量”,不能负载司法裁量的功能,需要价值分析的介入。“法益类型区分”融入防卫过当的判断过程,存在正义理念司法表达、情理认同司法蕴含和法律家长主义基本立场的法理证成。perspective of'legal interest measurement'in essence.The'comparative theory of statutory punishment'in the theory of basic adaptation serves as an important reference coefficient for'measuring legal interests'.Although it has an objective basis in actual law,it cannot be self consistent in the punishment system and may artificially weaken the special value of legitimate defense.The measurement of legal interests,based on its shortcomings such as insufficient comprehensiveness,limited conditions,and practical difficulties,cannot become a unified benchmark for judging the nature of defensive actions.According to the differentiation of functional types,legal interests can be divided into two types:homogeneous legal interests and heterogeneous legal interests.On the basis of distinguishing the types of legal interests,for homogeneous legal interests,the path of normative analysis and comparative balance is basically feasible regarding whether defensive actions'clearly exceed the necessary limits',and can be directly compared and judged based on the objective degree of damage;However,for heterogeneous types of legal interests,there is no unified comparative basis between the harm caused by illegal infringement and the harm caused by defensive actions.A purely normative analysis perspective of'legal interest measurement'cannot carry the function of judicial discretion and requires the intervention of value analysis.The differentiation of legal interest types is integrated into the judgment process of excessive defense,which is supported by the judicial expression of the concept of justice,the judicial connotation of emotional recognition,and the basic stance of legal paternalism.

关 键 词：防卫过当 明显超过必要限度 法益衡量 法益类型区分 

分 类 号：D924.1[政治法律—刑法学]