论基于责任归咎的格式条款不利解释规则  

On the Rule of Unfavorable Interpretation of Standard Terms Based on Liability Attribution

作　　者：田峰 TIAN Feng

机构地区：[1]浙江师范大学法学院

出　　处：《法治研究》2025年第2期122-133,共12页Research on Rule of Law

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“平台合同纠纷中算法解释规则研究”(项目编号:23BFX063);浙江省哲学社会科学规划年度常规课题“融资领域非典型合同解释规则研究”(项目编号:23NDJC106YB)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：格式条款不利解释规则需回应为何不利、何为不利以及如何不利三个问题。学说与审判实践对于为何不利没有实质性争议,但基于主观主义和客观主义形成的两种裁判立场存在自身难以消解的逻辑困境,对何为不利以及如何不利的问题有必要加以反思。不利解释规则适用中解释利益的分配取决于如何归咎相对人对格式条款形成不同理解的责任。依归责技术路线,可以根据归责事由不同,将格式条款不利解释区分为主观不利解释和客观不利解释。提供格式条款一方对格式条款相对方对格式条款产生多种理解有过错的,应当作主观不利解释,使其承受较高程度的不利;提供格式条款一方承担格式条款相对方对格式条款产生多种理解的风险的,应当作客观不利解释,使其承受较低程度的不利。在与《民法典》第142条第1款和第466条协同适用的基础上,依据《民法典》第498条的规范立场、功能、内容和适用上的特殊性构建格式条款不利解释规则,并注重实体规则与程序规则的有序衔接。The unfavorable interpretation rules of standard clauses need to respond to three questions:why,what,and how.In theory and judicial practice,there is no substantive dispute as to why it is unfavorable.But based on subjectivism and objectivism,two positions have been formed,it is necessary to reflect on the logical dilemma of attribution technology.The distribution of interpretative benefits depends on the liability attribution of the parties to form a specific understanding of the standard terms.According to the idea of liability,the unfavorable interpretation of standard terms can be divided into subjective and objective unfavorable interpretation according to the different causes of liability.If the party providing the standard terms is at fault for the other party's multiple understandings of the standard terms,it shall make subjective unfavorable interpretation,causing it to suffer a higher degree of disadvantage;If the party providing the standard terms bears the risk that the other party of the standard terms has multiple understandings of the standard terms,it shall make an objective unfavorable interpretation so that it can bear a lower degree of disadvantage.On the basis of co-application with Article 142(1)and Article 466 of the Civil Code,unfavorable interpretation rules of standard clauses should be constructed according to the particularity of normative function,content and application of Article 498 of the Civil Code,and the orderly connection between substantive rules and procedural rules should be emphasized.

关 键 词：格式条款 不利解释规则 合同解释 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学]