从一元论到三分论:禁止权利滥用原则的理论重构  

From Monism to Tripartism:The Theoretical Reconstruction of the Principle of Prohibiting Abuse of Rights

作　　者：李夏旭 Li Xiaxu

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学民商经济法学院

出　　处：《法制与社会发展》2025年第2期99-114,共16页Law and Social Development

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“名实不符合同中法律规避行为体系化研究”(24CFX033)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在讨论权利滥用问题时,我国学界多以债权、所有权等个体权利作为研究对象,同时将诚信原则作为权利滥用的一般检验标准,在一定程度上忽视了制度权利的特殊性。制度权利是指基于法律制度产生、具有特定社会功能的法定权利,如惩罚性赔偿请求权。其功能一是借助私权的行使,实现管制的目的;二是以私益为诱因,追求公益的实现。这决定了制度权利滥用的认定标准不同于个体权利滥用的认定标准。若制度权利的行使虽违反诚信原则,但有利于社会治理目的实现,则其不必然构成权利滥用。判断权利行使是否构成制度权利滥用,应当依据法律规范的主观目的。若权利行使违反主观目的,则构成权利滥用;若其不违反主观目的,但产生了个案不公正结果,则须通过公平正义这一客观目的作出判断。由此,权利滥用可被划分为三种类型:一是违反诚信原则的个体权利滥用;二是违反规范目的的制度权利滥用;三是违反公平正义的制度权利滥用。In discussions on the abuse of rights,Chinese legal scholars primarily focuses on individual rights such as claims and ownership,while generally employing the principle of good faith as the standard for assessing abuse of rights.This approach,to some extent,overlooks the distinct characteristics of institutional rights.Institutional rights refer to statutory rights that arise from legal institutions and serve specific social functions,such as the right to claim punitive damages.The primary function of such rights is to achieve regulatory ends through the exercise of private rights and to in-centivize the pursuit of public interests by leveraging private benefits.This distinctive feature necessitates a different standard for determining the abuse of institutional rights compared to individual rights.The exercise of an institutional right,even if it contravenes the principle of good faith,does not necessarily constitute an abuse of rights if it serves the purpose of social governance.Whether an institutional right has been abused should be assessed based on the subjective purpose underlying the legal norm that grants the right.If the exercise of the right contradicts this subjective purpose,it constitutes an abuse of rights.However,if the exercise of the right does not violate its subjective purpose but leads to an unjust outcome in a specific case,it must be further examined under the objective purpose of fairness and justice to determine whether it constitutes an abuse.Accordingly,the principle prohibiting the abuse of rights can be classified into three types:the abuse of individual rights in violation of the principle of good faith,the abuse of institutional rights in violation of the normative purpose,and the abuse of institutional rights in violation of fairness and justice.

关 键 词：制度权利 权利滥用 知假买假 法律修正 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]