生态环境损害赔偿磋商的制度逻辑与法典构造  

Logic and Codification of Ecological Environment Damage Compensation Negotiation System

作　　者：张宝[1] ZHANG Bao

机构地区：[1]中南财经政法大学法学院、双碳法治与经济研究院

出　　处：《当代法学》2025年第2期19-31,共13页Contemporary Law Review

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“环境司法实践中法律责任的创新及其法典化研究”(24AFX015)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：磋商是生态环境损害赔偿制度改革的“七寸”,也是生态环境损害补救的主战场。但目前磋商制度还存在诸多逻辑和经验困境,突出表现为实体层面的损害认定扩大化、责任承担货币化以及程序层面的司法确认和转入诉讼比例低、磋商与关联诉讼关系不明等问题。究其根源,是试图在规范主义语境下定位磋商制度,故无论是民事行政论、行政协议论还是双阶构造论都无法给出妥当的解释方案。有必要以功能主义作为对磋商制度的法理解释和法典编纂的基本立场,将磋商定位于执法替代机制下的执法和解程序,并分别在生态环境法典法律责任编分别对磋商及其相关实体和程序问题作出统领性规定。The negotiation mechanism in the ecological environmental damage compensation system is a pivotal reform aimed at advancing China's ecological civilization.It addresses the limitations of tradi⁃tional administrative and judicial remedies by introducing a collaborative and flexible mechanism to resolve disputes related to ecological damage.As a pre-litigation alternative,negotiation serves to facili⁃tate agreements between government entities,as compensation claimants,and responsible parties,priori⁃tizing ecological restoration and public interest protection.However,the mechanism faces numerous sub⁃stantive and procedural challenges that undermine its efficacy and legitimacy.Substantively,the broade⁃ning of damage recognition and the monetization of liability deviate from the core principles of ecological restoration.Compensation agreements often prioritize monetary payments over direct restoration measures,resulting in an over-reliance on financial remedies.Furthermore,punitive damages are increasingly ap⁃plied,raising questions about their alignment with the restorative focus of ecological compensation.The inconsistent application of damage assessment standards,including the overestimation of damage or inap⁃propriate use of punitive multipliers,further complicates the practice,leading to inequitable outcomes and undermining public trust.Procedurally,the judicial confirmation of negotiated agreements is underu⁃tilized,with only a small fraction of cases subjected to court review,resulting in enforcement challenges and a lack of accountability.Moreover,the relationship between negotiation and related litigation,inclu⁃ding its potential to suspend public interest lawsuits,remains ambiguous,creating legal uncertainties and potential conflicts with other environmental legal mechanisms.Existing theoretical frameworks,including civil nature theory,administrative agreement theory,and dual-stage construction theory,struggle to ade⁃quately explain or justify the hybrid nature of the negotiation mechani

关 键 词：生态环境损害赔偿 磋商协议 规范主义 功能主义 生态环境法典 

分 类 号：D922.68[政治法律—环境与资源保护法学] D922.6[政治法律—法学]