单位违反性骚扰防治义务侵权责任的解释论展开——以《民法典》第1010条第2款为中心  

An Interpretive Analysis on Entity's Tort Liability for Violation of the Anti-Sexual Harassment Duty——Centred on Article 1010,Paragraph 2 of the Civil Code

作　　者：瞿灵敏 QU Ling-min

机构地区：[1]中国海洋大学法学院

出　　处：《当代法学》2025年第2期85-96,共12页Contemporary Law Review

摘　　要：《民法典》第1010条第2款对单位违反性骚扰防治义务法律责任的沉默引发了理论分歧并增加了法律适用的不确定性。厘清该款的规范属性、功能定位以及单位不作为行为与性骚扰行为的关系是解决问题的关键。第1010条第2款属于以保护性自主权为目的的私法规范,单位违反该款规定导致性骚扰的构成不作为侵权,应依法承担侵权责任。单位侵权责任在性质上属于自己责任而非替代责任,适用过错归责。鉴于双方举证能力的悬殊,法院应借助表面证据、证明责任转移和妨害证明主张推定规则来减轻受害人的证明责任。此类侵权在类型上属于单位间接不作为侵权与行为人直接作为侵权结合的竞合侵权,但存在转化为帮助型共同侵权的可能。单位不作为侵权对行为人作为侵权的依附性决定了单位原则上仅承担相应的补充责任,但单位知道或应当知道行为人利用职权、从属关系实施性骚扰而未采取相应措施将构成帮助侵权,应承担连带责任。Article 1010,paragraph 2 of the Civil Code establishes the entity's anti-sexual harass⁃ment duty for the first time in the form of a basic civil law,which is of great significance in promoting the change of the entity's role from passive bystander to active actor in the prevention of sexual harassment.However,the silence of this paragraph on the legal liability has triggered theoretical debates in academia on the nature,attribution principle and forms of liability in cases where an entity's violation of the antisextual harassment duty results in sexual harassment.Legislative silence and theoretical debates will inev⁃itably lead to increased uncertainty in the application of the law.Clarifying the normative attributes and functional position of article 1010,paragraph 2,as well as the relationship between the entity's violation of the anti-sexual harassment duty and the perpetrator's sexual harassment are keys to solving the prob⁃lem.In terms of the normative attributes,article 1010,paragraph 2 is a private law norm aimed at pro⁃tecting sexual autonomy,rather than a labour law norm aimed at protecting labour rights and interests.The characterization of this paragraph as a labour law norm in the Civil Code and the negation of the entity's tort liability fall into the misconception of interpreting civil law norms with labour law mindset.The violation of the anti-sexual harassment duty by an entity resulting in sexual harassment constitutes a tort of omission and should be subject to tort liability.The nature of the entity's tort liability should be positioned as its own liability rather than vicarious liability,and the attribution of liability should be fault-based rather than no-fault based.In terms of proof of fault,the adoption of the presumption of fault is not only in line with the nature of the entity's anti-sextual harassment duty as a duty of action,but also helps to balance the disparity in the ability to prove between the entity and the victim,forcing the entity to actively fulfil its duty,properly

关 键 词：《民法典》 骚扰防治义务 不作为侵权 侵权责任 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]