炼化企业受限空间中毒窒息事故风险分析及应对措施  

Risk Analysis and Countermesures of Poisoning and Asphyxiation Accidents in Confined Spaces of Refining and Chemical Enterprises

作　　者：王文正 姜莉文 王阶平 贺辉宗 周良峰 穆波 厉建祥 Wang Wenzheng;Jiang Liwen;Wang Jieping;He Huizong;Zhou Liangfeng;Mu Bo;Li Jianxiang(SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering,Shandong,Qingdao,266104;SINOPEC Management System Certification(Qingdao)Co.,Ltd.,Shandong,Qingdao,266104;Fujian Refining and Chemical Company,Fujian,Quanzhou,362011;SINOPEC Zhenhai Refining and Chemical Company,Zhejiang,Ningbo,315207)

机构地区：[1]中石化安全工程研究院有限公司,山东青岛266104 [2]中石化管理体系认证(青岛)有限公司,山东青岛266104 [3]福建炼油化工有限公司,福建泉州362011 [4]中国石油化工股份有限公司镇海炼化分公司,浙江宁波315207

出　　处：《安全、健康和环境》2025年第3期12-19,共8页Safety Health & Environment

基　　金：中国石化化工事业部项目(CHG23099),化工装置检修作业危险能量隔离动态管控技术。

摘　　要：为探究炼化企业受限空间中毒窒息事故演化路径和各基本事件因素影响,以炼化企业受限空间硫化氢中毒窒息事故为研究对象,采用事故树分析方法(FTA)和贝叶斯网络(BN)构建了受限空间中毒窒息事故FTA-BN模型,通过模糊集理论和自然语言模糊评价方法计算获得了各基本事件的先验概率,采用事故树结构重要度开展了各基本事件对顶事件影响程度的定性分析,通过贝叶斯网络的逆向推理功能对各基本事件的后验概率和敏感度进行了定量计算分析,获得了各基本事件导致受限空间中毒窒息事故发生的影响因素排序。结果表明:安全意识不足、应急救援装备不足而冒险施救、工艺吹扫置换操作失误、能量隔离锁定操作失误、通风设施能力不足等是导致受限空间中毒窒息事故发生的主要风险因素,针对风险分析结果提出了具体措施并取得应用。To explore the evolution path of poisoning and asphyxiation accidents in confined spaces in refining enterprises and the influencing factors of each basic event,taking hydrogen sulfide poisoning and asphyxiation accidents in confined spaces of refining enterprises as the research object,the Fault Tree Analysis(FTA)method and Bayesian Network(BN)were employed to construct a FTA-BN model for poisoning and asphyxiation accidents in confined spaces.The prior probabilities of each basic event were calculated using fuzzy set theory and natural language fuzzy evaluation methods.The structural importance of the fault tree was used to qualitatively analyze the impact of each basic event on the top event.The reverse reasoning function of the Bayesian Network was utilized to quantitatively calculate and analyze the posterior probabilities and sensitivities of each basic event,resulting in a ranking of the influencing factors of each basic event leading to the occurrence of poisoning and asphyxiation accidents in confined spaces.The results indicated that insufficient safety awareness,inadequate emergency rescue equipment leading to risky rescue attempts,errors in process purging and replacement operations,mistakes in energy isolation and lockout operations,and insufficient ventilation capacity were the main risk factors contributing to poisoning and asphyxiation accidents in confined spaces.Specific measures were proposed based on the risk analysis results,and their application has yielded positive outcomes.

关 键 词：受限空间 事故树方法 贝叶斯网络 中毒窒息 风险分析 

分 类 号：TE687[石油与天然气工程—油气加工工程]