“曾经”和“一度”的语义差异  

On the Semantic Differences between“cengjing”and“yidu”

作　　者：景高娃 潘海华[2] JING Gao-wa;PAN Hai-hua(Zhejiang International Studies University,Hangzhou 310023;Chinese University of Hong Kong,999077,China)

机构地区：[1]浙江外国语学院,浙江杭州310023 [2]香港中文大学,中国香港999077

出　　处：《汉语学习》2025年第2期54-64,共11页Chinese Language Learning

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“形式语义学的汉语研究与形式语义学理论创新”(项目编号:22&ZD295);2022年国际中文教育研究课题“面向国际中文教育的汉语经历范畴研究”(项目编号:22YH62D);浙江省哲学社会科学规划青年课题“类型学视角下的汉语经历体研究”(项目编号:24NDQN105YB)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：文章将“一度”分为“一度1”和“一度2”,并用“相对较远过去”“时间段”“极值性”这三个参数对“曾经”“一度1”“一度2”的语义进行区分。“曾经”表示所关联的事件或状态在相对较远过去的某个时间段/点上为真;“一度1”表示所关联的事件或状态在某个相对较短的时间段内(无论过去还是将来)为真;“一度2”表示所关联的事件或状态在某个时点上具有极值性,即凸显数值极大或极小,或者程度最深。“曾经”所搭配的情状既可以解读为一次,也可以解读为多次,但由于时段性的要求,“一度1”往往有复数性的解读。“非延续性”对“曾经”来说只是语用推理而非固有语义,但对“一度”来说是其固有语义。“曾经”要求表示相对较远过去的事件或状态;而“一度”既可以与表达过去,也可以与表示将来的事件或者状态共现。此外,“曾经”多用于背景句,而“一度”多用于前景句。This article divides“yidu”into“yidu1”and“yidu2”,and compares the semantic differences among cengjing,“yidu1”and“yidu2”based on three parameters:relatively distant past,time interval and extremum.Cengjing indicates that an associated event or state was true at some point or during a specific time period in the relatively distant past,while“yidu1”indicates that an associated event or state was true within a relatively short time period(either in the past or future).On the other hand,“yidu2”indicates that at a given time point,the associated event reaches a maximum or minimum,or is of the deepest extent.The situation that accompanies“cengjing”can be interpreted as either a single occurrence or multiple occurrences,but due to the duration requirement,the one which accompanies“yidu”often has a plural interpretation.The so-called discontinuity for“cengjing”is only a pragmatic inference rather than an inherent semantic feature,though for“yidu”it is an inherent semantic feature.“Cengjing”requires the co-occurrence of a relative past event or state,while“yidu”can coexist with both past and future events or states.In addition,“cengjing”is mainly used in background sentences,while“yidu”is more commonly used in foreground sentences.

关 键 词：经历义 “一度” “曾经” 时间副词 

分 类 号：H146.3[语言文字—汉语]